The Indignation and the Transgression of desolation

The Indignation

Daniel 9 ²⁴Seventy weeks are determined upon thy people and upon thy holy city, to finish the transgression, and to make an end of sins, and to make reconciliation for iniquity, and to bring in everlasting righteousness, and to seal up the vision and prophecy, and to anoint the most Holy. ²⁵Know therefore and understand, that from the going forth of the commandment to restore and to build Jerusalem unto the Messiah the Prince shall be seven weeks, and threescore and two weeks: the street shall be built again, and the wall, even in troublous times. ²⁶And after threescore and two weeks shall Messiah be cut off, but not for himself: and the people of the prince that shall come shall destroy the city and the sanctuary; and the end thereof shall be with a flood, and unto the end of the war desolations are determined.²⁷And he shall confirm the covenant with many for one week: and in the midst of the week he shall cause the sacrifice and the oblation to cease, and for the overspreading of abominations he shall make it desolate, even until the consummation, and that determined shall be poured upon the desolate.

The king shall do according to his will

Daniel 11 ³⁶And the king shall do according to his will; and he shall exalt himself, and magnify himself above every god, and shall speak marvellous things against the God of gods, and shall prosper till the indignation be accomplished: for that that is determined shall be done. ³⁷Neither shall he regard the God of his fathers, nor the desire of women, nor regard any god: for he shall magnify himself above all.³⁸But in his estate shall he honour the God of forces: and a god whom his fathers knew not shall he honour with gold, and silver, and with precious stones, and pleasant things.

Daniel 8 ¹In the third year of the reign of king Belshazzar a vision appeared unto me, even unto me Daniel, after that which appeared unto me at the first. ²And I saw in a vision; and it came to pass, when I saw, that I was at Shushan in the palace, which is in the province of Elam; and I saw in a vision, and I was by the river of Ulai. ³Then I lifted up mine eyes, and saw, and, behold, there stood before the river a ram which had two horns: and the two horns were high; but one was higher than the other, and the higher came up last. ⁴I saw the ram pushing westward, and northward, and southward; so that no beasts might stand before him, neither was there any that could deliver out of his hand; but he did according to his will, and became great. ⁵And as I was considering, behold, an he goat came from the west on the face of the whole earth, and touched not the ground: and the goat had a notable horn between his eyes. ⁶And he came to the ram that had two horns, which I had seen standing before the river, and ran unto him in the fury of his power. ⁷And I saw him come close unto the ram, and he was moved with choler against him, and smote the ram, and brake his two horns: and there was no power in the ram to stand before him, but he cast him down to the ground, and stamped upon him: and there was none that could deliver the ram out of his hand. ⁸Therefore the he goat waxed very great: and when he was strong, the great horn was broken; and for it came up four notable ones toward the four winds of heaven. ⁹And out of one of them came forth a little horn, which waxed exceeding great, toward the south, and toward the east, and toward the pleasant land. ¹⁰And it waxed great, even to the host of heaven; and it cast down some of the host and of the stars to the ground, and stamped upon them. ¹¹Yea, he magnified himself even to the prince of the host, and by him the daily sacrifice was taken away, and the place of his sanctuary was cast down. ¹²And an host was given him against the daily sacrifice by reason of transgression, and it cast down the truth to the ground; and it practiced, and prospered.

¹³Then I heard one saint speaking, and another saint said unto that certain saint which spake, How long shall be the vision concerning the daily sacrifice, and the transgression of desolation, to give both the sanctuary and the host to be trodden under foot? ¹⁴And he said unto me, Unto two thousand and three hundred days; then shall the sanctuary be cleansed.

The last end of the indignation

Not by his own power, but by the power of another, the son of Perdition.

In the end the destroying king is “broken without hand”.

¹⁵And it came to pass, when I, even I Daniel, had seen the vision, and sought for the meaning, then, behold, there stood before me as the appearance of a man. ¹⁶And I heard a man’s voice between the banks of Ulai, which called, and said, Gabriel, make this man to understand the vision. ¹⁷So he came near where I stood: and when he came, I was afraid, and fell upon my face: but he said unto me, Understand, O son of man: for at the time of the end shall be the vision. ¹⁸Now as he was speaking with me, I was in a deep sleep on my face toward the ground: but he touched me, and set me upright. ¹⁹And he said, Behold, I will make thee know what shall be in the last end of the indignation: for at the time appointed the end shall be.²⁰The ram which thou sawest having two horns are the kings of Media and Persia. ²¹And the rough goat is the king of Grecia: and the great horn that is between his eyes is the first king. ²²Now that being broken, whereas four stood up for it, four kingdoms shall stand up out of the nation, but not in his power. ²³And in the latter time of their kingdom, when the transgressors are come to the full, a king of fierce countenance, and understanding dark sentences, shall stand up. ²⁴And his power shall be mighty, but not by his own power: and he shall destroy wonderfully, and shall prosper, and practice, and shall destroy the mighty and the holy people. ²⁵And through his policy also he shall cause craft to prosper in his hand; and he shall magnify himself in his heart, and by peace shall destroy many: he shall also stand up against the Prince of princes; but he shall be broken without hand.²⁶And the vision of the evening and the morning which was told is true: wherefore shut thou up the vision; for it shall be for many days.

²⁷And I Daniel fainted, and was sick certain days; afterward I rose up, and did the king’s business; and I was astonished at the vision, but none understood it.

The chastisement of our peace

And by peace destroy many (Dan 8:25)

Isaiah 53 ⁴Surely he hath borne our griefs, and carried our sorrows: yet we did esteem him stricken, smitten of God, and afflicted. ⁵But he was wounded for our transgressions, he was bruised for our iniquities: the chastisement of our peace
was upon him; and with his stripes we are healed. ⁶All we like sheep have gone astray; we have turned every one to his own way; and the LORD hath laid on him the iniquity of us all. ⁷He was oppressed, and he was afflicted, yet he opened not his mouth: he is brought as a lamb to the slaughter, and as a sheep before her shearers is dumb, so he openeth not his mouth. ⁸He was taken from prison and from judgment: and who shall declare his generation? for he was cut off out of the land of the living: for the transgression of my people was he stricken.

No Peace to the wicked

Isaiah 48 ¹⁶Come ye near unto me, hear ye this; I have not spoken in secret from the beginning; from the time that it was, there am I: and now the Lord GOD, and his Spirit, hath sent me. ¹⁷Thus saith the LORD, thy Redeemer, the Holy One of Israel; I am the LORD thy God which teacheth thee to profit, which leadeth thee by the way that thou shouldest go. ¹⁸O that thou hadst hearkened to my commandments! then had thy peace been as a river, and thy righteousness as the waves of the sea: ¹⁹Thy seed also had been as the sand, and the offspring of thy bowels like the gravel thereof; his name should not have been cut off nor destroyed from before me. ²⁰Go ye forth of Babylon, flee ye from the Chaldeans, with a voice of singing declare ye, tell this, utter it even to the end of the earth; say ye, The LORD hath redeemed his servant Jacob. ²¹And they thirsted not when he led them through the deserts: he caused the waters to flow out of the rock for them: he clave the rock also, and the waters gushed out. ²²There is no peace, saith the LORD, unto the wicked.

Isaiah 57 ¹⁰Thou art wearied in the greatness of thy way; yet saidst thou not, There is no hope: thou hast found the life of thine hand; therefore thou wast not grieved. ¹¹And of whom hast thou been afraid or feared, that thou hast lied, and hast not remembered me, nor laid it to thy heart? have not I held my peace even of old, and thou fearest me not? ¹²I will declare thy righteousness, and thy works; for they shall not profit thee.

¹³When thou criest, let thy companies deliver thee; but the wind shall carry them all away; vanity shall take them: but he that putteth his trust in me shall possess the land, and shall inherit my holy mountain; ¹⁴And shall say, Cast ye up, cast ye up, prepare the way, take up the stumblingblock out of the way of my people. ¹⁵For thus saith the high and lofty One that inhabiteth eternity, whose name is Holy; I dwell in the high and holy place, with him also that is of a contrite and humble spirit, to revive the spirit of the humble, and to revive the heart of the contrite ones. ¹⁶For I will not contend for ever, neither will I be always wroth: for the spirit should fail before me, and the souls which I have made.

¹⁷For the iniquity of his covetousness was I wroth, and smote him: I hid me, and was wroth, and he went on frowardly in the way of his heart. ¹⁸I have seen his ways, and will heal him: I will lead him also, and restore comforts unto him and to his mourners. ¹⁹I create the fruit of the lips; Peace, peace to him that is far off, and to him that is near, saith the LORD; and I will heal him. ²⁰But the wicked are like the troubled sea, when it cannot rest, whose waters cast up mire and dirt. ²¹There is no peace, saith my God, to the wicked.

A bitter day

Amos 8 ⁴Hear this, O ye that swallow up the needy, even to make the poor of the land to fail, ⁵Saying, When will the new moon be gone, that we may sell corn? and the sabbath, that we may set forth wheat, making the ephah small, and the shekel great, and falsifying the balances by deceit? ⁶That we may buy the poor for silver, and the needy for a pair of shoes; yea, and sell the refuse of the wheat? ⁷The LORD hath sworn by the excellency of Jacob, Surely I will never forget any of their works. ⁸Shall not the land tremble for this, and every one mourn that dwelleth therein? and it shall rise up wholly as a flood; and it shall be cast out and drowned, as by the flood of Egypt. ⁹And it shall come to pass in that day, saith the Lord GOD, that I will cause the sun to go down at noon, and I will darken the earth in the clear day: ¹⁰And I will turn your feasts into mourning, and all your songs into lamentation; and I will bring up sackcloth upon all loins, and baldness upon every head; and I will make it as the mourning of an only son, and the end thereof as a bitter day.

¹¹Behold, the days come, saith the Lord GOD, that I will send a famine in the land, not a famine of bread, nor a thirst for water, but of hearing the words of the LORD:

Amos 9 ¹I saw the Lord standing upon the altar: and he said, Smite the lintel of the door, that the posts may shake: and cut them in the head, all of them; and I will slay the last of them with the sword: he that fleeth of them shall not flee away, and he that escapeth of them shall not be delivered. ²Though they dig into hell, thence shall mine hand take them; though they climb up to heaven, thence will I bring them down: ³And though they hide themselves in the top of Carmel, I will search and take them out thence; and though they be hid from my sight in the bottom of the sea, thence will I command the serpent, and he shall bite them: ⁴And though they go into captivity before their enemies, thence will I command the sword, and it shall slay them: and I will set mine eyes upon them for evil, and not for good. ⁵And the Lord GOD of hosts is he that toucheth the land, and it shall melt, and all that dwell therein shall mourn: and it shall rise up wholly like a flood; and shall be drowned, as by the flood of Egypt.
⁶It is he that buildeth his stories in the heaven, and hath founded his troop in the earth; he that calleth for the waters of the sea, and poureth them out upon the face of the earth: The LORD is his name. ⁷Are ye not as children of the Ethiopians unto me, O children of Israel? saith the LORD. Have not I brought up Israel out of the land of Egypt? and the Philistines from Caphtor, and the Syrians from Kir? ⁸Behold, the eyes of the Lord GOD are upon the sinful kingdom, and I will destroy it from off the face of the earth; saving that I will not utterly destroy the house of Jacob, saith the LORD. ⁹For, lo, I will command, and I will sift the house of Israel among all nations, like as corn is sifted in a sieve, yet shall not the least grain fall upon the earth. ¹⁰All the sinners of my people shall die by the sword, which say, The evil shall not overtake nor prevent us.

¹¹In that day will I raise up the tabernacle of David that is fallen, and close up the breaches thereof; and I will raise up his ruins, and I will build it as in the days of old:

Leviathan the serpent

Job 41 ¹Canst thou draw out leviathan with an hook? or his tongue with a cord which thou lettest down? ²Canst thou put an hook into his nose? or bore his jaw through with a thorn? ³Will he make many supplications unto thee? will he speak soft words unto thee? ⁴Will he make a covenant with thee? wilt thou take him for a servant for ever? ⁵Wilt thou play with him as with a bird? or wilt thou bind him for thy maidens? ⁶Shall the companions make a banquet of him? shall they part him among the merchants? ⁷Canst thou fill his skin with barbed irons? or his head with fish spears? ⁸Lay thine hand upon him, remember the battle, do no more. ⁹Behold, the hope of him is in vain: shall not one be cast down even at the sight of him? ¹⁰None is so fierce that dare stir him up: who then is able to stand before me?

¹¹Who hath prevented me, that I should repay him? whatsoever is under the whole heaven is mine. ¹²I will not conceal his parts, nor his power, nor his comely proportion. ¹³Who can discover the face of his garment? or who can come to him with his double bridle? ¹⁴Who can open the doors of his face? his teeth are terrible round about. ¹⁵His scales are his pride, shut up together as with a close seal. ¹⁶One is so near to another, that no air can come between them. ¹⁷They are joined one to another, they stick together, that they cannot be sundered. ¹⁸By his neesings a light doth shine, and his eyes are like the eyelids of the morning. ¹⁹Out of his mouth go burning lamps, and sparks of fire leap out. ²⁰Out of his nostrils goeth smoke, as out of a seething pot or caldron. ²¹His breath kindleth coals, and a flame goeth out of his mouth. ²²In his neck remaineth strength, and sorrow is turned into joy before him. ²³The flakes of his flesh are joined together: they are firm in themselves; they cannot be moved. ²⁴His heart is as firm as a stone; yea, as hard as a piece of the nether millstone. ²⁵When he raiseth up himself, the mighty are afraid: by reason of breakings they purify themselves. ²⁶The sword of him that layeth at him cannot hold: the spear, the dart, nor the habergeon. ²⁷He esteemeth iron as straw, and brass as rotten wood. ²⁸The arrow cannot make him flee: slingstones are turned with him into stubble. ²⁹Darts are counted as stubble: he laugheth at the shaking of a spear. ³⁰Sharp stones are under him: he spreadeth sharp pointed things upon the mire. ³¹He maketh the deep to boil like a pot: he maketh the sea like a pot of ointment. ³²He maketh a path to shine after him; one would think the deep to be hoary. ³³Upon earth there is not his like, who is made without fear. ³⁴He beholdeth all high things: he is a king over all the children of pride.

Awake from the dust

Isaiah 26 ¹⁰Let favour be showed to the wicked, yet will he not learn righteousness: in the land of uprightness will he deal unjustly, and will not behold the majesty of the LORD. ¹¹LORD, when thy hand is lifted up, they will not see: but they shall see, and be ashamed for their envy at the people; yea, the fire of thine enemies shall devour them.

¹²LORD, thou wilt ordain peace for us: for thou also hast wrought all our works in us. ¹³O LORD our God, other lords beside thee have had dominion over us: but by thee only will we make mention of thy name. ¹⁴They are dead, they shall not live; they are deceased, they shall not rise: therefore hast thou visited and destroyed them, and made all their memory to perish. ¹⁵Thou hast increased the nation, O LORD, thou hast increased the nation: thou art glorified: thou hadst removed it far unto all the ends of the earth. ¹⁶LORD, in trouble have they visited thee, they poured out a prayer when thy chastening was upon them. ¹⁷Like as a woman with child, that draweth near the time of her delivery, is in pain, and crieth out in her pangs; so have we been in thy sight, O LORD. ¹⁸We have been with child, we have been in pain, we have as it were brought forth wind; we have not wrought any deliverance in the earth; neither have the inhabitants of the world fallen. ¹⁹Thy dead men shall live, together with my dead body shall they arise. Awake and sing, ye that dwell in dust: for thy dew is as the dew of herbs, and the earth shall cast out the dead.

20 Come, my people, enter thou into thy chambers, and shut thy doors about thee: hide thyself as it were for a little moment, until the indignation be overpast. ²¹For, behold, the LORD cometh out of his place to punish the inhabitants of the earth for their iniquity: the earth also shall disclose her blood, and shall no more cover her slain.

The punishment of Leviathan

Isaiah 27 ¹In that day the LORD with his sore and great and strong sword shall punish leviathan the piercing serpent, even leviathan that crooked serpent; and he shall slay the dragon that is in the sea. ²In that day sing ye unto her, A vineyard of red wine. ³I the LORD do keep it; I will water it every moment: lest any hurt it, I will keep it night and day. ⁴Fury is not in me: who would set the briers and thorns against me in battle? I would go through them, I would burn them together. ⁵Or let him take hold of my strength, that he may make peace with me; and he shall make peace with me.
⁶He shall cause them that come of Jacob to take root: Israel shall blossom and bud, and fill the face of the world with fruit.⁷Hath he smitten him, as he smote those that smote him? or is he slain according to the slaughter of them that are slain by him?

The dragon in the sea

Ezekiel 29 ²Son of man, set thy face against Pharaoh king of Egypt, and prophesy against him, and against all Egypt: ³Speak, and say, Thus saith the Lord GOD; Behold, I am against thee, Pharaoh king of Egypt, the great dragon that lieth in the midst of his rivers, which hath said, My river is mine own, and I have made it for myself. ⁴But I will put hooks in thy jaws, and I will cause the fish of thy rivers to stick unto thy scales, and I will bring thee up out of the midst of thy rivers, and all the fish of thy rivers shall stick unto thy scales. ⁵And I will leave thee thrown into the wilderness, thee and all the fish of thy rivers: thou shalt fall upon the open fields; thou shalt not be brought together, nor gathered: I have given thee for meat to the beasts of the field and to the fowls of the heaven.
⁶And all the inhabitants of Egypt shall know that I am the LORD, because they have been a staff of reed to the house of Israel. ⁷When they took hold of thee by thy hand, thou didst break, and rend all their shoulder: and when they leaned upon thee, thou brakest, and madest all their loins to be at a stand.

⁸Therefore thus saith the Lord GOD; Behold, I will bring a sword upon thee, and cut off man and beast out of thee. ⁹And the land of Egypt shall be desolate and waste; and they shall know that I am the LORD: because he hath said, The river is mine, and I have made it.
¹⁰Behold, therefore I am against thee, and against thy rivers, and I will make the land of Egypt utterly waste and desolate, from the tower of Syene even unto the border of Ethiopia

The fury of the oppressor

Encouragement from my God the Lord God Almighty
Isaiah 51 ⁹Awake, awake, put on strength, O arm of the LORD; awake, as in the ancient days, in the generations of old. Art thou not it that hath cut Rahab, and wounded the dragon? ¹⁰Art thou not it which hath dried the sea, the waters of the great deep; that hath made the depths of the sea a way for the ransomed to pass over? ¹¹Therefore the redeemed of the LORD shall return, and come with singing unto Zion; and everlasting joy shall be upon their head: they shall obtain gladness and joy; and sorrow and mourning shall flee away. ¹²I, even I, am he that comforteth you: who art thou, that thou shouldest be afraid of a man that shall die, and of the son of man which shall be made as grass; ¹³And forgettest the LORD thy maker, that hath stretched forth the heavens, and laid the foundations of the earth; and hast feared continually every day because of the fury of the oppressor, as if he were ready to destroy? and where is the fury of the oppressor? ¹⁴The captive exile hasteneth that he may be loosed, and that he should not die in the pit, nor that his bread should fail.¹⁵But I am the LORD thy God, that divided the sea, whose waves roared: The LORD of hosts is his name. ¹⁶And I have put my words in thy mouth, and I have covered thee in the shadow of mine hand, that I may plant the heavens, and lay the foundations of the earth, and say unto Zion, Thou art my people.

Dragon, The devil is in the details

ROUGH DRAFT Notes

Dragon, The devil is in the details

The judgment was set and the books were opened

Daniel 7 ²⁴And the ten horns out of this kingdom are ten kings that shall arise: and another shall rise after them; and he shall be diverse from the first, and he shall subdue three kings. ²⁵And he shall speak great words against the most High, and shall wear out the saints of the most High, and think to change times and laws: and they shall be given into his hand until a time and times and the dividing of time. ²⁶But the judgment shall sit, and they shall take away his dominion, to consume and to destroy it unto the end.

²⁷And the kingdom and dominion, and the greatness of the kingdom under the whole heaven, shall be given to the people of the saints of the most High, whose kingdom is an everlasting kingdom, and all dominions shall serve and obey him. ²⁸Hitherto is the end of the matter. As for me Daniel, my cogitations much troubled me, and my countenance changed in me: but I kept the matter in my heart.

The fall of the Berlin wall 1989 (suspected re-dated history, changing times). The crushing of the Tiananmen Square uprising in (suspected re-dated history, 1990) because of “too many democracies”[strategy error]. President Gorge Herbert Walker Bush’s speech on September 11, 1990-“New World Order speech”, 5-points.  Nelson Mandela prison number #46664 released from prison on the 10^th Anniversary of the Iranian revolutionin 1990. The 666 symbolism apparently was intentional as well as the release date.Christmas day coup in Russia 1991, War crimes Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia 1993, The largest number of open seats in a century 1996(FL and congress), LOST US United Nations Human Rights Committee seat 2001, LOST US United Nations DRUG STRATEGY COMMITTEE SEAT 2001, TRIBUNAL ACTION-THE GOD OF FORCES 9/11/01 , SANCTIONS- MAD COW (BEEF Sanctions), BIRD FLU (POULTRY Sanctions), Iraq, Afghanistan, Citrus canker(produce sanctions), Oil spill (Boycott)

Dragon

MILITARY Tribunal PROSECUTIONS[Executed]

     Les Aspin 94′, Boorda’s suicide (Navy 96′), Navy Secretary nominee’s suicide, Ministry of the Navy suicide(UK), Governor Chiles of Florida 98′, Senator Chaffee, Senator Coverdale, Mayor Xavier Suarez (9/11/01), Heaven’s Gate, Iraqi War cover Story of Prosecutions, Israeli Hezbollah War, Iran Activities(Free Speech Forum, British Navy Captives), numerous executions around the World covered up as natural deaths, accidents disasters, suicides, beheadings and diseases.

Beef and poultry Sanctions covered up as bird Flu, foot and mouth disease, and Mad cow disease. “Largest number of open seats in a century” in 1996, in both Congress and State of Florida. Boris Yeltsin’s mental decline, as well as Milosevic and Saddam Hussein’s “bouts” with mental illness after their arrests for crimes against humanity. Pope John Paul, and Yasser Arafat’s Parkinson’s disease and deaths in 2004, appear to have been drug induced, conditions of confinement, and prosecutorial actions. Arafat’s Ramallah Headquarters seems to have been his prison. Their deaths in 2004. The heads of States visit to Ground 0 also came to symbolize the guilt of the nations. The loss of seats on the UN human Rights Committee of which the US was an original member, and the loss of the seat on the UN Drug Strategy committee only further supports the plaintiff’s complaint. Prime Minister Bhutto. Several heads of Middle Eastern Countries in the late 90’s.

    George Bush Jr.’s statement “prosecuting the war” was indicative of the problem. Prosecuting the war at the expense of the man they lied on and victimized to do, and they man they criminally victimized to cover it up. It’s obvious to me doing a Desert Storm, etc., prosecution wasn’t first on everyone agenda. Malfeasance, malicious sabotage of the job they were doing is what they did. These prosecutions even if declared illegal, are indicative of the widespread corruption. The respondents also acted with depravity in turning attempted murder with suicidal depressants into the now famous doctrine of suicide bombing and going straight to heaven. Beginning with the assassination of Ranjiv Ghandi.

        Falsifying Top Secret clearance involvement of the plaintiff, their crime victim and alleging or implying plaintiff had knowledge or a role in the decisions that they made, only extending the crimes under secrecy protection.

Aspin, Les 94’— heart attack, Highest ranking member of Congress, – Speaker of the house)
Boorda, Jeremy Michael—96′ Highest rankingNavy official, suicide 96′
Chiles, Lawton – 98′ heart attack, Highest ranking state official, Governor of Florida, 98′, replaced by the newly then elected Jeb Bush (Gov 1999-2006′)
Chaffee– Senate Intelligence Committee
Ronald Eugene Reagan– 94′- Alzheimer’s diagnosis, semi parallel to Russia Boris Yeltsin’s later developed undefined condition. Reagan was president from 1981-1988 Major assorted foreign nationals death toll at trade center CIA office purportedly located at trade center

Isaiah 26 ²⁰Come, my people, enter thou into thy chambers, and shut thy doors about thee: hide thyself as it were for a little moment, until the indignation be overpast. ²¹For, behold, the LORD cometh out of his place to punish the inhabitants of the earth for their iniquity: the earth also shall disclose her blood, and shall no more cover her slain

China and Chile Earthquake deaths
Poland government plane crash
Ruwanda 1994–wrath, revenge, distraction, or threat
non-notification of Hurricane Mitch 98′–secrecy and authority war?
Tribunals– Yugoslavia, Waco, 9/11, Guantanamo, Iraq,Haiti

Unlawful executive Authorization

President John F. Kennedy’s National Emergency Orders revoked by President Richard M. Nixon and reinstated by President Ronald Eugene Reagan President Lyndon Baines Johnson—from Texas, died January 22, 19731996—largest number of open legislative seats in a century in Florida and the United States legislature. After a number of legislators decided to resign or not seeker- election, starting with Paul Simon 94′ (Armed forces services committee)

George Herbert Walker Bush

The TWENTIETH YEAR ANNIVERSARY OF THE OPENING OF THE BOOK

The World Order (1989?)1990-2010 (book says) Behold, I come as a thief

Hypothesis, Facts, Conjecture

George Herbert Walker Bush (born June 12, 1924) was the 41stPresident of the United States (1989–1993).

He was also Ronald Reagan‘s Vice President (1981–1989), (Vice-President, Member of the National Security Council(Statutory))

American Policy–Star Wars Policy, Drug War Policy, Middle East policy, Iranian Hostage release on Reagan’s inauguration

Publishing “George” JFK Jr. symbolic representation of the man behind it all

Director of Central Intelligence. (George Bush, CIA director-January 30, 1976 – January 20, 1977)

Chiefs of the U.S. Liaison Office in Beijing, i.e………….. Ambassador to China, Sept 26, 1974 – December 7. 1975

Texas congressman January 3, 1967 – January 3, 1971 [TEXAS, JFK, Lyndon B. Johnson, Houston Johnson Space center], GHW Bush UN ambassador 1971-1973

Illuminati (Lucifer) and the trilateral (Triliteral) commission– veiled references and ideology

DRUG WAR 1981-, STAR I- Star Wars treaty REAGAN /BUSH , GAY BAN AND AIDS 1981

Middle Eastern AND Muslim Policy

End of the Iran-Iraq war 1979-1988, Soviet Afghanistan war 1979- 1988, Lockerbie 1988, Kurdish genocide 1988,

1988 Wars over, leaving just the “mad” War criminals responsible

The opening of the Book 1989/1990

The fall of the Berlin wall 1989 (suspected re-dated history, changing times)

The crushing of the Tiananmen Square uprising in (suspected re-dated history, 1990) because of “too many democracies”

President Gorge Herbert Walker Bush’ speech on September 11, 1990-“New World Order speech”, 5-points

Nelson Mandela prison number #46664 released from prison on the 10th Anniversary of the Iranian revolutionin 1990.
The 666 symbolism apparently was intentional, and not a coincidence.

Christmas day coup in Russia 1991

RONALD EUGENE REAGAN, 6 6 6, and the BUSH ADMINISTRATIONS. NATO/OTAN, –The deliberate choice in symbolism of the condemned 6.

Middle Eastern AND Muslim Policy 1990-

Hiring conspiracy with staged involvement with preexisting frauds and crimes. Surveillance theft and conspiracy over book idea.
Desert Storm orchestration

The assassination of Anwar Sadat on October,  “?” 1982, The assassination of Rajiv Gandhi 1991′ by a suicide bomber

Invasion of Kuwait 1990 by Iraq under Saddam Hussein,to breakup of the Soviet Union 1991, Militaries did Desert Storm (1991) because of the Soviet Afghanistan War.

Dissolving the then (Democratic) Soviet Union because of  the Soviet Afghanistan War, but performing ethnic cleansing in Yugoslavia(1992)

The creation of the Junja weed Islamic, Somali Warlords, [CIA] (1991), 1994 the rise of the Taliban [CIA]

War crimes tribunal for the former Yugoslavia 1993, Bosnian and Somalia intervention in 1993

Militaries returned to Afghanistan (2001), because of the Soviet Afghanistan War (1979-1988), and the CIA created Taliban

Militaries returned to Iraq (2003) because of Desert Storm 1991′, and STAR WARS [NATO COSMIC CLEARANCE TRIBUNALS]

START I, signed on July 31, 1991 by George HW Bush, START II, signed January 3, 1993 by George HW Bush, START III, never signed , New START, signed on April 8, 2010

Outer space treaty Oct 10 1967  and my Oct 9 Birthday, the same as E Howard Hunt
 Oslo Accord, Lifting of AIDS travel bans
Rockingham, Rodney, Goldman Sachs, –Fraud
Kurdish, Caeto institute, K-land
Darryl Gates, Robert Gates91′ -Rodney King
Johnny Cochrane’s death the same week as John Paul
Negroponte 91′-(Black point)  symbolic names
Tiwana Bradley
Colin Ferguson
Rodney King

 

Legislated in conspiracy

Performed or legislated in conspiracy (or with single person (self) principally in mind or significantly related)

1. Independent counsel statute
   
2. American with disabilities act possibly clarifying legislation based on false representation of situation(ADA) in subsequent years
   
3. National Emergency Orders (JFK, Nixon, Reagan)-Fabricating me as a National Emergency
   
4. Product tampering sprees on me in the state of Maryland, and in Florida. The National Emergency Orders. Ordered by JFK, revoked by Nixon, and reinstated by Reagan.
   
5. Start 1 treaty-Star Wars, Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty, proposed in 1982, ratified in 1991 5 months before the collapse of the Soviet Union. START II, the Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty, which was signed by United States President George H. W. Bush and Russian President Boris Yeltsin on January 3, 1993. and (relevant) International, and United Nations Treaties-
   
6. War crimes tribunal for the former Yugoslavia 1993
   
7. The Drug war
   
8. The Military Gay Ban, HIV(IV as in 4, and 1 less than 5)(–legislated in conspiracy or regards concerning principally against single individual(self). The AIDS epidemic officially began on June 5, 1981
   
9. Don’t ask, don’t tell policy 1993(concept from me in personal conversation)
   
10. Federal Communications Commission— profanity and decency, NBC, to portray me in an ill light.
    
11. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)– pseudophed, guarana, effexor, ma Huang(ephedra)
    
12. Smoke free workplace estimated 91′ or 92′
    
13. State of Florida drinking age 83′
    
14. Surgeon General on Smoking (both)
    
15. Surgeon General on Masturbation
    

Some Common denominators are Bible prophecy, Middle East, Religion, Stars(sports and entertainment) and Space.

RELATED-Manson family murders Ronald Zamora (convicted of murder) Texas	Jonestown (Leo(lion) Ryan(lion) 73′ everglades plane Adam Walsh (child murder victim)	murder of Hogan’s heroes star Bob CraneJim Morrison Jim Croce Elvis Presley Rock Hudson
1983 stock market crash Graduated H.S. 1982 turned 18 years old 1982 and legally an adult	Watergate The Independent Counsel Statute	Leonid(lion), Mikhail(Michael)

False Prophecy-BEHEADING PROPAGANDA Vilifying Islam

Beheadings—Orchestrated FALSE Fulfillment of prophecy to incite fear along with other false allusions. Consider psychotropic or psycho chemical mental incapacitation.  The head was considered the seat of reasoning even in Biblical times. Debilitation by major tranquilizers POISONED FAUCETS and drugged water that cause parkinsonian type symptoms like what is suspected to have happened to Yasser Arafat and Pope John Paul based on my own tortuous experience. RELATED to anti stimulant regulation and propaganda (including in some Religion), ephedrine, pseudo-epinephrine, caffeine, guarana.

Done to them probably because of religious and wilderness area crimes conspiracy.

PLO area– Isaiah 16:1 Send ye the lamb to the ruler of the land from Sela to the wilderness, unto the mount of the daughter of Zion.

PSYCHOCHEMICAL TECHNIQUES-assortment, ongoing

Murder AND CRIME called disease

 EXPERT MISINFORMATION

Antimony –high cholesterol

Mercury—immune deficiency..ie, the late Freddy Mercury[namesake] [HIV, H4, Penta, 5]

Aluminum—Alzheimer’s, dementia, assorted toxic metals

Cancer--Poisons + bacterial infection—skin, throat, gum cancer, poison and bacterial caused tissue necrosis and mutilation, i.e arsenic lesions
Mad cow—beef sanctions
bird flu–poultry sanctions
Other tumor conditions–Hormonal agents affecting glands
diabetes– poisons
depression- depressants chemical with no mood enhancing effects Parkinson’s disease-major tranquilizers neuro-blocking effect other mental illnesses-other psychochemical techniques “Heavy Metal music” veiled reference to the crimes of the times More than one way to causes conditions
Whether the condition is untreated, unknown or forbidden to be treated.
Dead by any other name is dead and there’s always been more than one way to kill.

Sars, Reyes syndrome—royalty, nobility  (Latin and Semitic derivatives)
Gulf War syndrome

CIA THE FALSE PRPHET

The false prophet that wrought the signs i.e. the orchestrator who predicted and staged the threats from which policies were based and thereby giving the military authority and requiring Military registration and obeisance .i.e Regulations, Clearances and National Emergency Registrations
Fraud and greed-International military space age technology control and monopoly with proceits invested in businesses. Falsified threats of space and the impact of technology. Video games

False Prophecy– Interpretation of Fornication
False Doctrine–God of War Acceptance and Adoration
Fornication, respect, obeisance, honor to another entity or thing other than, or contrary to the LORD.
SEXUAL PROPAGANDA FOR Fornication (IDOLATRY AND OCCULTISM), Diverting attention from pyramids, pentagrams, pentagons     Rewriting the Bible with conspiracy in mind. Slanted and false translations in later versions of the Bible were done intentionally in conspiracy.(70’s, 80’s) (Retranslated into homosexual). Fabricating support with propaganda for gay genocide including the use of secret government drugs. Biological, environmental  and technological.
 Objects and symbols –Pyramids and pentagons associated with formerly powerful groups Miltary and Freemasonry. 5,V,E, Penta (gram), Ram, Aries, May, Apollo, Military, Mars and God of war adoration. Misinterpreting fornication for sexual immorality and omitting the symbolic adultery of pyramids, pentagrams, secret societies or age old widely practiced error

Lucifer’s exaltation in God’s place

Isaiah 14 ¹²How art thou fallen from heaven, O Lucifer, son of the morning! how art thou cut down to the ground, which didst weaken the nations! ¹³For thou hast said in thine heart, I will ascend into heaven, I will exalt my throne above the stars of God: I will sit also upon the mount of the congregation, in the sides of the north: ¹⁴I will ascend above the heights of the clouds; I will be like the most High. ¹⁵Yet thou shalt be brought down to hell, to the sides of the pit.

Doctors’ Trial – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

 

Doctors’ Trial

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search

Coordinates: 49°27.2603′N 11°02.9103′E / 49.4543383°N 11.048505°E / 49.4543383; 11.048505

Not to be confused with the Doctors’ Plot.

The Doctors’ Trial (officially United States of America v. Karl Brandt, et al.) was the first of 12 trials for war crimes that the United States authorities held in their occupation zone in Nuremberg, Germany after the end of World War II. These trials were held before U.S. military courts, not before the International Military Tribunal, but took place in the same rooms at the Palace of Justice. The trials are collectively known as the "Subsequent Nuremberg Trials", formally the "Trials of War Criminals before the Nuremberg Military Tribunals" (NMT).

Contents

[hide]

• 1 Indictment
• 2 Defendants
• 3 See also
• 4 References
• 5 Further reading
• 6 External links

20 of the 23 defendants were medical doctors (Brack, Rudolf Brandt, and Sievers being Nazi officials) and all were accused of having been involved in Nazi human experimentation. Josef Mengele, one of the leading Nazi doctors, had evaded capture.

The judges in this case, heard before Military Tribunal I, were Walter B. Beals (presiding judge) from Washington, Harold L. Sebring from Florida, and Johnson T. Crawford from Oklahoma, with Victor C. Swearingen, a former special assistant to the Attorney General of the United States, as an alternate judge. The Chief of Counsel for the Prosecution was Telford Taylor and the chief prosecutor James M. McHaney. The indictment was filed on October 25, 1946; the trial lasted from December 9 that year until August 20, 1947. Of the 23 defendants, seven were acquitted and seven received death sentences; the remainder received prison sentences ranging from 10 years to life imprisonment.

[edit] Indictment

The accused faced four charges:

1. Conspiracy to commit war crimes and crimes against humanity as described in counts 2 and 3;
2. War crimes: performing medical experiments, without the subjects’ consent, on prisoners of war and civilians of occupied countries, in the course of which experiments the defendants committed murders, brutalities, cruelties, tortures, atrocities, and other inhuman acts. Also planning and performing the mass murder of prisoners of war and civilians of occupied countries, stigmatized as aged, insane, incurably ill, deformed, and so on, by gas, lethal injections, and diverse other means in nursing homes, hospitals, and asylums during the Euthanasia Program and participating in the mass murder of concentration camp inmates.
3. Crimes against humanity: committing crimes described under count 2 also on German nationals.
4. Membership in a criminal organization, the SS.

The SS had been declared a criminal organization by the IMT.

All defendants pleaded not guilty.

The tribunal largely dropped count 1, stating that the charge was beyond its jurisdiction.

[edit] Defendants

Name
Function
Charges
Sentence

1
2
3
4

Hermann Becker-Freyseng
Stabsarzt in the Luftwaffe (Captain, Medical Service of the Air Force); and Chief of the Department for Aviation Medicine of the Chief of the Medical Service of the Luftwaffe
I
G
G
20 years’ imprisonment, commuted to 10 years

Wilhelm Beiglböck
Consulting Physician to the Luftwaffe
I
G
G
15 years’ imprisonment, commuted to 10 years-died 1963

Kurt Blome
Deputy [of the] Reich Health Leader (Reichsgesundheitsführer); and Plenipotentiary for Cancer Research in the Reich Research Council
I
I
I
acquitted-died 1969

Viktor Brack
Oberführer (Senior Colonel) in the SS and Sturmbannführer (Major) in the Waffen SS; and Chief Administrative Officer in the Chancellery of the Führer of the NSDAP (Oberdienstleiter, Kanzlei des Führers der NSDAP)
I
G
G
G
death

Karl Brandt
Personal physician to Adolf Hitler; Gruppenführer in the SS and Generalleutnant (Lieutenant General) in the Waffen SS; Reich Commissioner for Health and Sanitation (Reichskommissar für Sanitäts- und Gesundheitswesen); and member of the Reich Research Council (Reichsforschungsrat)
I
G
G
G
death

Rudolf Brandt
Standartenführer (Colonel); in the Allgemeine SS; Personal Administrative Officer to Reichsführer SS Himmler (Persönlicher Referent von Himmler); and Ministerial Counsellor and Chief of the Ministerial Office in the Reich Ministry of the Interior
I
G
G
G
death

Fritz Fischer
Sturmbannführer (Major) in the Waffen SS; and Assistant Physician to the defendant Gebhardt at the Hospital at Hohenlychen
I
G
G
G
lifetime imprisonment, commuted to 15 years released 1954

Karl Gebhardt
Gruppenführer in the SS and Generalleutnant (Lieutenant General) in the Waffen SS; personal physician to Reichsfuehrer SS Himmler; Chief Surgeon of the Staff of the Reich Physician SS and Police (Oberster Kliniker, Reichsarzt SS und Polizei); and President of the German Red Cross
I
G
G
G
death

Karl Genzken
Gruppenführer in the SS and Generalleutnant (Lieutenant General) in the Waffen SS; and Chief of the Medical Department of the Waffen SS (Chef des Sanitätsamts der Waffen SS)
I
G
G
G
lifetime imprisonment, commuted to 20 years released 1954-died 1957

Siegfried Handloser
Generaloberstabsarzt (Colonel General, Medical Service); Medical Inspector of the Army (Heeressanitätsinspekteur); and Chief of the Medical Services of the Armed Forces (Chef des Wehrmachtsanitätswesens)
I
G
G
lifetime imprisonment, commuted to 20 years-released/died 1954

Waldemar Hoven
Hauptsturmführer (Captain) in the Waffen SS; and Chief Doctor of the Buchenwald concentration camp
I
G
G
G
death

Joachim Mrugowsky
Oberführer (Senior Colonel) in the Waffen SS; Chief Hygienist of the Reich Physician SS and Police (Oberster Hygieniker, Reichsarzt SS und Polizei); and Chief of the Hygienic Institute of the Waffen SS (Chef des Hygienischen Institutes der Waffen SS)
I
G
G
G
death

Herta Oberheuser
Physician at the Ravensbrück concentration camp; and Assistant Physician to the defendant Gebhardt at the Hospital at Hohenlychen
I
G
G
20 years’ imprisonment, commuted to 10 years released 1952-died 1978

Adolf Pokorny
Physician, Specialist in Skin and Venereal Diseases
I
I
I
acquitted

Helmut Poppendick
Oberführer (Senior Colonel) in the SS; and Chief of the Personal Staff of the Reich Physician SS and Police (Chef des Persönlichen Stabes des Reichsarztes SS und Polizei)
I
I
I
G
10 years imprisonment, released 1951-died 1994

Hans Wolfgang Romberg
Doctor on the Staff of the Department for Aviation Medicine at the German Experimental Institute for Aviation
I
I
I
acquitted

Gerhard Rose
Generalarzt of the Luftwaffe (Brigadier General, Medical Service of the Air Force); Vice President, Chief of the Department for Tropical Medicine, and Professor of the Robert Koch Institute; and Hygienic Adviser for Tropical Medicine to the Chief of the Medical Service of the Luftwaffe
I
G
G
lifetime imprisonment, commuted to 20 years released 1955-died 1992

Paul Rostock
Chief Surgeon of the Surgical Clinic in Berlin; Surgical Adviser to the Army; and Chief of the Office for Medical Science and Research (Amtschef der Dienststelle Medizinische Wissenschaft und Forschung) under the defendant Karl Brandt, Reich Commissioner for Health and Sanitation
I
I
I
acquitted-died 1956

Siegfried Ruff
Director of the Department for Aviation Medicine at the German Experimental Institute for Aviation (Deutsche Versuchsanstalt für Luftfahrt); still researching and publishing in the field of aviation as late as 1989^[1]
I
I
I
acquitted

Konrad Schäfer
Doctor on the Staff of the Institute for Aviation Medicine in Berlin
I
I
I
acquitted

Oskar Schröder
Generaloberstabsarzt (Colonel General Medical Service); Chief of Staff of the Inspectorate of the Medical Service of the Luftwaffe (Chef des Stabes, Inspekteur des Luftwaffe-Sanitätswesens); and Chief of the Medical Service of the Luftwaffe (Chef des Sanitätswesens der Luftwaffe)
I
G
G
lifetime imprisonment, commuted to 15 years

Wolfram Sievers
Standartenführer (Colonel) in the SS; Reich Manager of the "Ahnenerbe" Society and Director of its Institute for Military Scientific Research (Institut für Wehrwissenschaftliche Zweckforschung); and Deputy Chairman of the Managing Board of Directors of the Reich Research Council
I
G
G
G
death

Georg August Weltz
Oberfeldarzt in the Luftwaffe (Lieutenant Colonel, Medical Service, of the Air Force); and Chief of the Institute for Aviation Medicine in Munich
I
I
I
acquitted

I — Indicted   G — Indicted and found guilty

Those sentenced to death were hanged on June 2, 1948 in Landsberg prison, Bavaria.

Generally, the difference between receiving a prison term and the death sentence was membership of "an organization declared criminal by the judgement of the International Military Tribunal", the SS.

[edit] See also

• Command responsibility
• Declaration of Geneva
• Declaration of Helsinki
• Medical ethics
• Medical torture
• Hippocratic Oath
• Nazi eugenics
• Nuremberg Code
• Nuremberg Principles
• Universal Declaration of Human Rights

[edit] References

1. ^ Ruff, Siegfried, et al. Sicherheit und Rettung in der Luftfahrt. Koblenz : Bernard & Graefe, c1989.

[edit] Further reading

• Hanauske-Abel, H. (1996). "Not a slippery slope or sudden subversion: German medicine and National Socialism in 1933". BMJ 313 (7070): 1453–1463. ISSN 0959-8138. PMID 8973235. PMC 2352969. http://bmj.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/full/313/7070/1453?ijkey=41686bee0524cf4585d4937822eaa36f737c7453&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha.
• Pellegrino, E. (1997-08-15). "The Nazi Doctors and Nuremberg: Some Moral Lessons Revisited". ACP 127 (4): 307–308. doi:10.1059/0003-4819-127-4-199708150-00010 (inactive 2010-01-07). PMID 9265432. http://www.annals.org/cgi/content/full/127/4/307.
• Seidelman, W. (1996). "Nuremberg lamentation: for the forgotten victims of medical science". BMJ 313 (7070): 1463–1467. ISSN 0959-8138. PMID 8973236. PMC 2352986. http://bmj.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/full/313/7070/1463.

[edit] External links

• Rogue’s Gallery of Doctors Trial Defendants
• Nazi war criminals
• Trial proceedings (first part) and Trial proceedings (second part) from the Mazal library.
• Description from the U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum.
• Opening and closing statements and eyewitness testimony, at the U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum
• The Ethics Of Using Medical Data From Nazi Experiments
• Life Unworthy of Life
• Biddiss M. (1997). "Disease and dictatorship: the case of Hitler’s Reich" United States National Library of Medicine 1997 Jun;90(6):342-6.

[hide]

v • d • e

The Nuremberg Trials

Primary

Trial of the Major War Criminals before the International Military Tribunal

---

Subsequent

I. Doctors’ Trial
II. Milch Trial
III. Judges’ Trial

IV. Pohl Trial
V. Flick Trial
VI. IG Farben Trial

VII. Hostages Trial
VIII. RuSHA Trial
IX. Einsatzgruppen Trial

X. Krupp Trial
XI. Ministries Trial
XII. High Command Trial

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctors%27_Trial"

Categories: Nazi physicians | Nazi eugenics | United States Nuremberg Military Tribunals | 1947 in case law

Hidden categories: Pages with DOIs broken since 2010

Doctors’ Trial – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Judges’ Trial – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

 

Judges’ Trial

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Jump to: navigation, search

A witness testifies in the Judges’ Trial

Coordinates: 49°27.2603′N 11°02.9103′E / 49.4543383°N 11.048505°E / 49.4543383; 11.048505 The Judges’ Trial (or the Justice Trial, or, officially, The United States of America vs. Josef Altstötter, et al.) was the third of the twelve trials for war crimes the U.S. authorities held in their occupation zone in Germany in Nuremberg after the end of World War II. These twelve trials were all held before U.S. military courts, not before the International Military Tribunal, but took place in the same rooms at the Palace of Justice. The twelve U.S. trials are collectively known as the "Subsequent Nuremberg Trials" or, more formally, as the "Trials of War Criminals before the Nuremberg Military Tribunals" (NMT).

The defendants in this case were 16 German jurists and lawyers. Nine had been officials of the Reich Ministry of Justice, the others were prosecutors and judges of the Special Courts and People’s Courts of Nazi Germany. They were—amongst other charges—held responsible for implementing and furthering the Nazi "racial purity" program through the eugenic and racial laws.

The judges in this case, heard before Military Tribunal III, were Carrington T. Marshall (presiding judge), former Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Ohio; James T. Brand, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of Oregon; Mallory B. Blair, formerly judge of the Third Court of Appeals of Texas; and Justin Woodward Harding of the Bar of the State of Ohio as an alternate judge. Marshall had to retire due to illness on June 19, 1947, at which point Brand became president and Harding a full member of the tribunal. The Chief of Counsel for the Prosecution was Telford Taylor; his deputy was Charles M. LaFollette. The indictment was presented on January 4, 1947; the trial lasted from March 5 to December 4, 1947. Ten of the defendants were found guilty; four received sentences for lifetime imprisonment, the rest prison sentences of varying lengths. Four persons were acquitted of all charges.

Contents

[hide]

• 1 Indictment
• 2 Defendants
• 3 Notes
• 4 References

[edit] Indictment

1. Participating in a common plan or conspiracy to commit war crimes and crimes against humanity;
2. War crimes through the abuse of the judicial and penal process, resulting in mass murder, torture, plunder of private property.
3. Crimes against humanity on the same grounds, including slave labor charges.
4. Membership in a criminal organization, the NSDAP or SS leadership corps.

Count 4 applied only to Altstötter, Cuhorst, Engert, Joel (with respect to the SS) and to Cuhorst, Oeschy, Nebelung, and Rothaug concerning the NSDAP leadership. Both organizations had been found criminal previously by the IMT.

Count 1 was dropped: the court declared the charge to be outside its jurisdiction. Judge Blair filed a dissenting opinion that stated that the court should have made a statement that the Military Tribunals of the NMT in fact did have jurisdiction over charges of "conspiracy to commit war crimes and crimes against humanity".

All defendants pleaded "not guilty".

[edit] Defendants

Name
Sentence

Josef Altstötter
5 years, incl. time already served; released 1950; died 1979 in Nürnberg

Wilhelm von Ammon
10 years, incl. time already served; released 1951 by John J. McCloy; died 1992

Paul Barnickel
acquitted; died 1966 in München

Hermann Cuhorst
acquitted; died 1991 in Kressbronn am Bodensee

Karl Engert
mistrial declared due to illness; died 8 September 1951

Günther Joel
10 years, incl. time already served, time of death unknown

Herbert Klemm
lifetime imprisonment; time of death unknown

Ernst Lautz
10 years, incl. time already served; died 1979 in Lübeck

Wolfgang Mettgenberg
10 years, incl. time already served; died 1950 in Landsberg Prison

Günther Nebelung
acquitted; died 1970 in Seesen

Rudolf Oeschey
lifetime imprisonment; time of death unknown

Hans Petersen
acquitted

Oswald Rothaug
lifetime imprisonment; released 22 December 1956; died 1967 in Köln

Curt Rothenberger
7 years, incl. time already served; died 1959 in Hamburg

Franz Schlegelberger
lifetime imprisonment; released 1950 died 1970 in Flensburg

Carl Westphal
committed suicide 1946 after the indictment, but before the beginning of the trial.

The highest-ranking officials of the Nazi judicial system could not be tried: Franz Gürtner Minister of Justice died in 1941; Otto Georg Thierack, Minister of Justice since 1942, had committed suicide in 1946, and Roland Freisler, the President of the People’s Court since 1942, was killed in a 1945 bombing raid on Berlin. Another who was alive but not tried was Hans Globke {died 1973}.

All convicts were found guilty on all charges brought before them, except Rothaug, who was found guilty only on count 3 of the indictment, while he was found not guilty on counts 2 and 4. However, the court commented in its judgment that

"By his manner and methods he made his court an instrumentality of terror and won the fear and hatred of the population. From the evidence of his closest associates as well as his victims, we find that Oswald Rothaug represented in Germany the personification of the secret Nazi intrigue and cruelty. He was and is a sadistic and evil man. Under any civilized judicial system he could have been impeached and removed from office or convicted of malfeasance in office on account of the scheming malevolence with which he administered injustice."^[1]

The public considered the sentences generally too low. Most of the convicts were released already in the early 1950s; some (Lautz, Rothenberger, Schlegelberger) even received retirement pensions in West Germany. The guide to German law entitled Das Recht der Gegenwart is still being published under the name Franz Schlegelberger (ISBN 3-8006-2260-2).

The Judges’ Trial was the inspiration for the 1961 movie Judgment at Nuremberg, starring Spencer Tracy, Burt Lancaster, Richard Widmark, Marlene Dietrich, Maximilian Schell, Judy Garland, Montgomery Clift, Werner Klemperer and William Shatner.

[edit] Notes

1. ^ Mazal.

[edit] References

• Trial proceedings from the Mazal Library.
• Description of the trial from the U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum.
• The Justice Trial
• German Judge Karl-Heinrich Hagemann tried 1949

[hide]

v • d • e

The Nuremberg Trials

Primary

Trial of the Major War Criminals before the International Military Tribunal

---

Subsequent

I. Doctors’ Trial
II. Milch Trial
III. Judges’ Trial

IV. Pohl Trial
V. Flick Trial
VI. IG Farben Trial

VII. Hostages Trial
VIII. RuSHA Trial
IX. Einsatzgruppen Trial

X. Krupp Trial
XI. Ministries Trial
XII. High Command Trial

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judges%27_Trial"

Categories: United States Nuremberg Military Tribunals

Judges’ Trial – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Nuremberg Trials – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

 

Nuremberg Trials

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

  (Redirected from Nuremberg trials)

Jump to: navigation, search

For the 1947 Soviet film about the trials, see Nuremberg Trials (film).

The Holocaust

Early elements

Racial policy · Nuremberg Laws · Nazi eugenics · Action T4

Jews

German Jews

Pogroms: Kristallnacht · Bucharest · Dorohoi · Iaşi · Kaunas · Jedwabne · Lviv (Lvov)

Ghettos: Budapest Ghetto · Lublin · Lviv (Lvov) · Łódź · Kraków · Kovno Ghetto · Minsk · Warsaw · Vilna · (List of ghettoes)

Einsatzgruppen: Babi Yar · Rumbula · Ponary · Odessa · Erntefest · Ninth Fort

Final Solution: Wannsee · Operation Reinhard · Holocaust trains · Extermination camps · Madagascar Plan

Resistance: Jewish partisans · Ghetto uprisings (Warsaw · Białystok · Łachwa)

End of World War II: Death marches · Berihah · Surviving Remnant

Other victims

Romani people (Gypsies)  · Homosexuals · People with disabilities · Slavs in Eastern Europe · Poles · Soviet POWs · Jehovah’s Witnesses

Concentration and
extermination camps

Nazi concentration camps  ·
Nazi extermination camps ·

Auschwitz-Birkenau · Bełżec extermination camp · Bergen-Belsen · Bogdanovka · Buchenwald · Chełmno · Dachau · Gross-Rosen · Herzogenbusch · Janowska · Jasenovac · Kaiserwald · Majdanek concentration camp · Maly Trostenets · Mauthausen-Gusen · Neuengamme · Ravensbrück · Sachsenhausen · Sajmište · Salaspils · Sobibór · Stutthof · Theresienstadt · Treblinka · Uckermark · Warsaw  ·
(List of Nazi concentration camps)

Responsible parties

Nazi Germany: Adolf Hitler · Heinrich Himmler · Ernst Kaltenbrunner · Theodor Eicke · Reinhard Heydrich · Adolf Eichmann · Rudolf Höss · Nazi Party · Schutzstaffel (SS)  · Gestapo · Sturmabteilung (SA)

War Collaborators

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Aftermath: Nuremberg Trials · Denazification · Reparations Agreement
between Israel and West Germany

Lists

Survivors · Victims · Rescuers

Resources

The Destruction of the European Jews Functionalism versus intentionalism

v • d • e

The October 1, 1946 Süddeutsche Zeitung announces "The Verdict in Nuremberg." Depicted are (left, from top): Goering, Hess, Ribbentrop, Keitel, Kaltenbrunner, Rosenberg, Frank, Frick; (second column) Funk, Streicher, Schacht; (third column) Doenitz, Raeder, Schirach; (right, from top) Sauckel, Jodl, Papen, Seyss-Inquart, Speer, Neurath, Fritzsche, Bormann. Image from Topography of Terror Museum, Berlin.

Coordinates: 49°27.2603′N 11°02.9103′E / 49.4543383°N 11.048505°E / 49.4543383; 11.048505 The Nuremberg Trials were a series of military tribunals, held by the main victorious Allied forces of World War II, most notable for the prosecution of prominent members of the political, military, and economic leadership of the defeated Nazi Germany. The trials were held in the city of Nuremberg, Bavaria, Germany, in 1945-46, at the Palace of Justice. The first and best known of these trials was the Trial of the Major War Criminals before the International Military Tribunal (IMT), which tried 22 of the most important captured leaders of Nazi Germany. It was held from November 21, 1945 to October 1, 1946. The second set of trials of lesser war criminals was conducted under Control Council Law No. 10 at the US Nuremberg Military Tribunals (NMT); among them included the Doctors’ Trial and the Judges’ Trial. This article primarily deals with the IMT; see the Subsequent Nuremberg Trials for details on those trials.

Contents

[hide]

• 1 Origin
• 2 Creation of the courts
  • 2.1 Allied war crimes
  • 2.2 Location
  • 2.3 Participants
    • 2.3.1 Judges
    • 2.3.2 The chief prosecutors
    • 2.3.3 Defense Counsel
• 3 The main trial
• 4 Subsidiary and related trials
• 5 Legacy
  • 5.1 Establishment of a permanent International Criminal Court
• 6 Criticism
  • 6.1 Legitimacy
• 7 Further reading
• 8 See also
• 9 Notes
• 10 External links

[edit] Origin

Nuremberg Trials. Defendants in their dock. The main target of the prosecution was Hermann Göring (at the left edge on the first row of benches), considered to be the most important surviving official in the Third Reich after Hitler‘s death.

British War Cabinet documents, released on 2 January, 2006, have shown that as early as December 1944, the Cabinet had discussed their policy for the punishment of the leading Nazis if captured. British Prime Minister Winston Churchill had then advocated a policy of summary execution in some circumstances, with the use of an Act of Attainder to circumvent legal obstacles, being dissuaded from this only by talks with US leaders later in the war. In late 1943, during the Tripartite Dinner Meeting at the Tehran Conference, the Soviet leader, Joseph Stalin, proposed executing 50,000–100,000 German staff officers. US President Franklin D. Roosevelt, joked that perhaps 49,000 would do. Churchill denounced the idea of "the cold blooded execution of soldiers who fought for their country." However, he also stated that war criminals must pay for their crimes and that in accordance with the Moscow Document which he himself had written, they should be tried at the places where the crimes were committed. Churchill was vigorously opposed to executions "for political purposes."^[1][2] According to the minutes of a Roosevelt-Stalin meeting during the Yalta Conference, in February 4, 1945, at the Livadia Palace, President Roosevelt "said that he had been very much struck by the extent of German destruction in the Crimea and therefore he was more bloodthirsty in regard to the Germans than he had been a year ago, and he hoped that Marshal Stalin would again propose a toast to the execution of 50,000 officers of the German Army."^[3]

US Treasury Secretary, Henry Morgenthau, Jr., suggested a plan for the total denazification of Germany; this was known as the Morgenthau Plan.^{[citation needed]} The plan advocated the forced de-industrialisation of Germany. Roosevelt initially supported this plan, and managed to convince Churchill to support it in a less drastic form. Later, details were leaked to the public, generating widespread protest. Roosevelt, seeing strong public disapproval, abandoned the plan, but did not proceed to adopt support for another position on the matter. The demise of the Morgenthau Plan created the need for an alternative method of dealing with the Nazi leadership. The plan for the "Trial of European War Criminals" was drafted by Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson and the War Department. Roosevelt died in April 1945. The new president, Harry S. Truman, gave strong approval for a judicial process.^{[citation needed]} After a series of negotiations between the US, Britain, the Soviet Union and France, details of the trial were worked out. The trials were set to commence on 20 November, 1945, in the Bavarian city of Nuremberg.

[edit] Creation of the courts

Sir David Maxwell Fyfe (at lectern, left) and an unknown prosecutor

On January 14, 1942, representatives from the nine occupied countries met in London to draft the Inter-Allied Resolution on German War Crimes. At the meetings in Tehran (1943), Yalta (1945) and Potsdam (1945), the three major wartime powers, the United States, the Soviet Union and the United Kingdom, agreed on the format of punishment for those responsible for war crimes during World War II. France was also awarded a place on the tribunal.

The legal basis for the trial was established by the London Charter, issued on August 8, 1945, which restricted the trial to "punishment of the major war criminals of the European Axis countries." Some 200 German war crimes defendants were tried at Nuremberg, and 1,600 others were tried under the traditional channels of military justice. The legal basis for the jurisdiction of the court was that defined by the Instrument of Surrender of Germany, political authority for Germany had been transferred to the Allied Control Council, which having sovereign power over Germany could choose to punish violations of international law and the laws of war. Because the court was limited to violations of the laws of war, it did not have jurisdiction over crimes that took place before the outbreak of war on September 3, 1939.

[edit] Allied war crimes

The war crimes tribunal tried and punished personnel only from Axis countries. Accusations arose claiming victor’s justice, since no war crimes by the Allies were heard. It is, however, usual that the armed forces of a civilised country^[4] issue their forces with detailed guidance on what is and is not permitted under their military code. These are drafted to include any international treaty obligations and the customary laws of war. For example, at the trial of Otto Skorzeny, his defence was in part based on the Field Manual published by the War Department of the United States Army, on 1 October, 1940, and the American Soldiers’ Handbook.^[5] If a member of the armed forces breaks their own military code, they can expect to face a court martial. When members of the Allied armed forces broke their military codes, they could be and were sometimes tried, as, for example, at the Biscari Massacre trials which took place against the wishes of General Patton^[6], and in some cases not; as after the Dachau massacre.

However, General Chuck Yeager writes in his autobiography that some air corps missions were probably war crimes, (specifically, the ‘shoot anything that moves’ missions in the German countryside) but he, and other pilots, went on the missions in order to avoid court martial for disobeying orders. He also said he hoped the Allies won the war, otherwise they might be tried for war crimes.^[7]

The unconditional surrender of Japanese and German armed forces was unusual and led directly to the formation of the international tribunals.^{[citation needed]} Usually, international wars end conditionally and the treatment of suspected war criminals makes up part of the peace treaty. In most cases, those who are not prisoners of war are tried under their own judicial system if they are suspected of committing war crimes – as happened to some Finns at the end of the concurrent Finnish-Soviet Continuation War. In restricting the international tribunal to trying suspected Axis war crimes, the Allies were acting within normal international law.^{[citation needed]}

[edit] Location

Leipzig, Munich and Luxemberg were briefly considered as the location for the trial.^[8] The Soviet Union had wanted the trials to take place in Berlin, as the capital city of the ‘fascist conspirators’^[8], but Nuremberg was chosen as the site for the trials for specific reasons:

• The Palace of Justice was spacious and largely undamaged (one of the few that had remained largely intact through extensive Allied bombing of Germany). A large prison was also part of the complex.
• Nuremberg was considered the ceremonial birthplace of the Nazi Party, and hosted annual propaganda rallies.^[8] It was thus a fitting place to mark the party’s symbolic demise.

As a compromise with the Soviet Union, it was agreed that while the location of the trial would be Nuremberg, Berlin would be the official home of the Tribunal authorities.^[9][10][11]

It was also agreed that France would become the permanent seat of the IMT^[12] and that the first trial (several were planned) would take place in Nuremberg.^[9][11]

[edit] Participants

Each of the four countries provided one judge and an alternate, as well as the prosecutors.

[edit] Judges

The Nuremberg judges, left to right: John Parker, Francis Biddle, Alexander Volchkov, Iola Nikitchenko, Geoffrey Lawrence, Norman Birkett

• Major General Iona Nikitchenko (Soviet main)
• Lieutenant Colonel Alexander Volchkov (Soviet alternate)
• Colonel Sir Geoffrey Lawrence (British main and president)
• Sir Norman Birkett (British alternate)
• Francis Biddle (American main)
• John J. Parker (American alternate)
• Professor Henri Donnedieu de Vabres (French main)
• Robert Falco (French alternate)

[edit] The chief prosecutors

• Sir Hartley Shawcross (United Kingdom)
• Robert H. Jackson (United States)
• Lieutenant-General Roman Andreyevich Rudenko (Soviet Union)
• François de Menthon (France)
• Auguste Champetier de Ribes (France)

Assisting Jackson was the lawyer Telford Taylor and a young US Army interpreter named Richard Sonnenfeldt. Assisting Shawcross were Major Sir David Maxwell-Fyfe and Sir John Wheeler-Bennett. Mervyn Griffith-Jones, later to become famous as the chief prosecutor in the Lady Chatterley’s Lover obscenity trial, was also on Shawcross’s team. Shawcross also recruited a young barrister, Anthony Marreco, who was the son of a friend of his, to help the British team with the heavy workload. Robert Falco was an experienced judge who had tried many in court in France.

American James B. Donovan was assistant trial counsel.

[edit] Defense Counsel

The majority of defense attorneys were German lawyers.

[edit] The main trial

The International Military Tribunal was opened on October 18, 1945, in the Palace of Justice in Nuremberg.^[13] The first session was presided over by the Soviet judge, Nikitchenko. The prosecution entered indictments against 24 major war criminals and six criminal organizations – the leadership of the Nazi party, the Schutzstaffel (SS) and Sicherheitsdienst (SD), the Gestapo, the Sturmabteilung (SA) and the "General Staff and High Command," comprising several categories of senior military officers.

The indictments were for:

1. Participation in a common plan or conspiracy for the accomplishment of a crime against peace
2. Planning, initiating and waging wars of aggression and other crimes against peace
3. War crimes
4. Crimes against humanity

The 24 accused were, with respect to each charge, either indicted but acquitted (I), indicted and found guilty (G), or not charged (O), as listed below by defendant, charge, and eventual outcome:

Name

Count

Penalty
Notes

1
2
3
4

Martin Bormann
I
O
G
G
Death
Successor to Hess as Nazi Party Secretary. Sentenced to death in absentia. Remains found in Berlin in 1972 and dated to 1945.^[14]

Karl Dönitz
I
G
G
O
10 years
Leader of the Kriegsmarine from 1943, succeeded Raeder. Initiator of the U-boat campaign. Became President of Germany following Hitler‘s death.^[15] In evidence presented at the trial of Karl Dönitz on his orders to the U-boat fleet to breach the London Rules, Admiral Chester Nimitz stated that unrestricted submarine warfare was carried on in the Pacific Ocean by the United States from the first day that nation entered the war. Dönitz was found guilty of breaching the 1936 Second London Naval Treaty, but his sentence was not assessed on the ground of his breaches of the international law of submarine warfare.^[16]

Hans Frank
I
O
G
G
Death
Reich Law Leader 1933–1945 and Governor-General of the General Government in occupied Poland 1939–1945. Expressed repentance.^[17]

Wilhelm Frick
I
G
G
G
Death
Hitler’s Minister of the Interior 1933–1943 and Reich Protector of Bohemia-Moravia 1943–1945. Authored the Nuremberg Race Laws.^[18]

Hans Fritzsche
I
I
I
O
Acquitted
Popular radio commentator; head of the news division of the Nazi Propaganda Ministry. Tried in place of Joseph Goebbels.^[19]

Walther Funk
I
G
G
G
Life Imprisonment
Hitler’s Minister of Economics; succeeded Schacht as head of the Reichsbank. Released due to ill health on 16 May 1957.^[20] Died 31 May 1960.

Hermann Göring

G
G
G
G
Death
Reichsmarschall, Commander of the Luftwaffe 1935–1945, Chief of the 4-Year Plan 1936–1945, and original head of the Gestapo before turning it over to the SS in April 1934. Originally Hitler’s designated successor and the second highest ranking Nazi official.^[21] By 1942, with his power waning, Göring fell out of favor and was replaced in the Nazi hierarchy by Himmler. Committed suicide the night before his execution.^[22]

Rudolf Hess

G
G
I
I
Life Imprisonment
Hitler’s Deputy Führer until he flew to Scotland in 1941 in attempt to broker peace with Great Britain. After trial, committed to Spandau Prison; died in 1987.^[23]

Alfred Jodl

G
G
G
G
Death
Wehrmacht Generaloberst, Keitel’s subordinate and Chief of the OKW’s Operations Division 1938–1945. Subsequently exonerated by German court in 1953, though the exoneration was later overturned, largely as a result of pressure by American officials.^[24]

Ernst Kaltenbrunner

I
O
G
G
Death
Highest surviving SS-leader. Chief of RSHA 1943–45, the Nazi organ made up of the intelligence service, Secret State Police and Criminal Police. Also had overall command over the Einsatzgruppen and several concentration camps.^[25]

Wilhelm Keitel

G
G
G
G
Death
Head of Oberkommando der Wehrmacht (OKW) 1938–1945.^[26]

Gustav Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach

I
I
I
—-
Major Nazi industrialist. C.E.O of Krupp A.G 1912–45. Medically unfit for trial (died January 16, 1950). The prosecutors attempted to substitute his son Alfried (who ran Krupp for his father during most of the war) in the indictment, but the judges rejected this as being too close to trial. Alfried was tried in a separate Nuremberg trial for his use of slave labor, thus escaping the worst notoriety and possibly death.

Robert Ley

I
I
I
I
—-
Head of DAF, The German Labour Front. Suicide on 25 October 1945, before the trial began.

Baron Konstantin von Neurath

G
G
G
G
15 years
Minister of Foreign Affairs 1932–1938, succeeded by Ribbentrop. Later, Protector of Bohemia and Moravia 1939–43. Resigned in 1943 due to dispute with Hitler. Released (ill health) 6 November 1954^[27] after having a heart attack. Died 14 August 1956.

Franz von Papen

I
I
O
O
Acquitted
Chancellor of Germany in 1932 and Vice-Chancellor under Hitler in 1933–1934. Ambassador to Austria 1934–38 and ambassador to Turkey 1939–1944. Although acquitted at Nuremberg, von Papen was reclassified as a war criminal in 1947 by a German de-Nazification court, and sentenced to eight years’ hard labour. He was acquitted following appeal after serving two years.^[28]

Erich Raeder

G
G
G
O
Life Imprisonment
Commander In Chief of the Kriegsmarine from 1928 until his retirement in 1943, succeeded by Dönitz. Released (ill health) 26 September 1955.^[29] Died 6 November 1960.

Joachim von Ribbentrop

G
G
G
G
Death
Ambassador-Plenipotentiary 1935–1936. Ambassador to the United Kingdom 1936–1938. Nazi Minister of Foreign Affairs 1938–1945,^[30]

Alfred Rosenberg

G
G
G
G
Death
Racial theory ideologist. Later, Minister of the Eastern Occupied Territories 1941–1945.^[31]

Fritz Sauckel

I
I
G
G
Death
Gauleiter of Thuringia 1927–1945. Plenipotentiary of the Nazi slave labor program 1942–1945.^[32]

Dr. Hjalmar Schacht

I
I
O
O
Acquitted
Prominent banker and economist. Pre-war president of the Reichsbank 1923–1930 & 1933–1938 and Economics Minister 1934–1937. Admitted to violating the Treaty of Versailles.^[33]

Baldur von Schirach

I
O
O
G
20 years
Head of the Hitlerjugend from 1933 to 1940, Gauleiter of Vienna 1940–1943. Expressed repentance.^[34]

Arthur Seyss-Inquart

I
G
G
G
Death
Instrumental in the Anschluss and briefly Austrian Chancellor 1938. Deputy to Frank in Poland 1939–1940. Later, Reich Commissioner of the occupied Netherlands 1940–1945. Expressed repentance.^[35]

Albert Speer

I
I
G
G
20 Years
Hitler’s favorite architect and close friend, and Minister of Armaments from 1942 until the end of the war. In this capacity, he was ultimately responsible for the use of slave laborers from the occupied territories in armaments production. Expressed repentance.^[36]

Julius Streicher

I
O
O
G
Death
Gauleiter of Franconia 1922–1940. Publisher of the weekly newspaper, Der Stürmer.^[37]

Throughout the trials, specifically between January and July 1946, the defendants and a number of witnesses were interviewed by American psychiatrist Leon Goldensohn. His notes detailing the demeanor and comments of the defendants survive; they were edited into book form and published in 2004.^[38]

Oct 17, 1946 U.S. Newsreel of Nuremberg Trials Sentencing

The death sentences were carried out 16 October 1946 by hanging using the standard drop method instead of long drop.^[39][40] The U.S. army denied claims that the drop length was too short which caused the condemned to die slowly from strangulation instead of quickly from a broken neck.^[41]

The executioner was John C. Woods. Although the rumor has long persisted that the bodies were taken to Dachau and burned there, they were actually incinerated in a crematorium in Munich, and the ashes scattered over the river Isar.^[42] The French judges suggested the use of a firing squad for the military condemned, as is standard for military courts-martial, but this was opposed by Biddle and the Soviet judges. These argued that the military officers had violated their military ethos and were not worthy of the firing squad, which was considered to be more dignified.^{[citation needed]} The prisoners sentenced to incarceration were transferred to Spandau Prison in 1947.

Of the 12 defendants sentenced to death by hanging, two were not hanged: Hermann Göring committed suicide the night before the execution and Martin Bormann was not present when convicted. The remaining 10 defendants sentenced to death were hanged.

The definition of what constitutes a war crime is described by the Nuremberg Principles, a set of guidelines document which was created as a result of the trial. The medical experiments conducted by German doctors and prosecuted in the so-called Doctors’ Trial led to the creation of the Nuremberg Code to control future trials involving human subjects, a set of research ethics principles for human experimentation.

Of the organizations the following were found not to be criminal:

• Reichsregierung
• "The General Staff and High Command" was found not to comprise a group or organization as defined by Article 9 of the London Charter
• Sturmabteilung

[edit] Subsidiary and related trials

Main article: Subsequent Nuremberg Trials

This section requires expansion.

[edit] Legacy

The creation of the IMT was followed by trials of lesser Nazi officials, trials of Nazi doctors, who performed horrifying experiments on people in prison camps. It served as the model for the International Military Tribunal for the Far East which tried Japanese officials for crimes against peace and against humanity. It also served as the model for the Eichmann trial and for present-day courts at The Hague, for trying crimes committed during the Balkan wars of the early 1990s, and at Arusha, for trying the people responsible for the genocide in Rwanda.

The Nuremberg trials had a great influence on the development of international criminal law. The Conclusions of the Nuremberg trials served as models for:

• The Genocide Convention, 1948.
• The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948.
• The Nuremberg Principles, 1950.
• The Convention on the Abolition of the Statute of Limitations on War Crimes and Crimes against Humanity, 1968.
• The Geneva Convention on the Laws and Customs of War, 1949; its supplementary protocols, 1977.

The International Law Commission, acting on the request of the United Nations General Assembly, produced in 1950 the report Principles of International Law Recognized in the Charter of the Nürnberg Tribunal and in the Judgement of the Tribunal (Yearbook of the International Law Commission, 1950, vol. II^[43]). See Nuremberg Principles.

The influence of the tribunal can also be seen in the proposals for a permanent international criminal court, and the drafting of international criminal codes, later prepared by the International Law Commission.

[edit] Establishment of a permanent International Criminal Court

The Nuremberg trials initiated a movement for the prompt establishment of a permanent international criminal court, eventually leading over fifty years later to the adoption of the Statute of the International Criminal Court.

[edit] Criticism

Critics^[44] of the Nuremberg trials argued that the charges against the defendants were only defined as "crimes" after they were committed and that therefore the trial was invalid as a form of "victors’ justice".^[45] As Biddiss^[46] noted "…the Nuremberg Trial continues to haunt us… It is a question also of the weaknesses and strengths of the proceedings themselves. The undoubted flaws rightly continue to trouble the thoughtful."^[47][48]

Chief Justice of the United States Harlan Fiske Stone called the Nuremberg trials a fraud. "(Chief U.S. prosecutor) Jackson is away conducting his high-grade lynching party in Nuremberg," he wrote. "I don’t mind what he does to the Nazis, but I hate to see the pretense that he is running a court and proceeding according to common law. This is a little too sanctimonious a fraud to meet my old-fashioned ideas."^[49]

Jackson, in a letter discussing the weaknesses of the trial, in October 1945 told U.S. President Harry S. Truman that the Allies themselves "have done or are doing some of the very things we are prosecuting the Germans for. The French are so violating the Geneva Convention in the treatment of prisoners of war that our command is taking back prisoners sent to them. We are prosecuting plunder and our Allies are practicing it. We say aggressive war is a crime and one of our allies asserts sovereignty over the Baltic States based on no title except conquest."^[50][51]

Associate Supreme Court Justice William O. Douglas charged that the Allies were guilty of "substituting power for principle" at Nuremberg. "I thought at the time and still think that the Nuremberg trials were unprincipled," he wrote. "Law was created ex post facto to suit the passion and clamor of the time."^[52]

The validity of the court has been questioned for a variety of reasons:

• The defendants were not allowed to appeal or affect the selection of judges. A. L. Goodhart, Professor at Oxford, opposed the view that, because the judges were appointed by the victors, the Tribunal was not impartial and could not be regarded as a court in the true sense. He wrote:^[53]

"Attractive as this argument may sound in theory, it ignores the fact that it runs counter to the administration of law in every country. If it were true then no spy could be given a legal trial, because his case is always heard by judges representing the enemy country. Yet no one has ever argued that in such cases it was necessary to call on neutral judges. The prisoner has the right to demand that his judges shall be fair, but not that they shall be neutral. As Lord Writ has pointed out, the same principle is applicable to ordinary criminal law because ‘a burglar cannot complain that he is being tried by a jury of honest citizens.’"

• One of the charges, brought against Keitel, Jodl, and Ribbentrop included conspiracy to commit aggression against Poland in 1939. The Secret Protocols of the German-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact of 23 August 1939, proposed the partition of Poland between the Germans and the Soviets (which was subsequently executed in September 1939); however, Soviet leaders were not tried for being part of the same conspiracy.^[54] Instead, the Tribunal falsely proclaimed the Secret Protocols of the Non-Aggression Pact to be a forgery. Moreover, Allied Powers Britain and Soviet Union were not tried for preparing and conducting the Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran and the Winter War, respectively.
• In 1915, the Allied Powers, Britain, France, and Russia, jointly issued a statement explicitly charging, for the first time, another government (the Sublime Porte) of committing "a crime against humanity". However it was not until the phrase was further developed in the London Charter that it had a specific meaning. As the London Charter definition of what constituted a crime against humanity was unknown when many of the crimes were committed, it could be argued to be a retrospective law, in violation of the principles of prohibition of ex post facto laws and the general principle of penal law nullum crimen, nulla poena sine praevia lege poenali.^[55]
• The court agreed to relieve the Soviet leadership from attending these trials as war criminals in order to hide their crimes against war civilians, war crimes that were committed by their army that included "carving up Poland in 1939 and attacking Finland three months later." This "exclusion request" was initiated by the Soviets and subsequently approved by the court’s administration.^[56]
• The trials were conducted under their own rules of evidence; the indictments were created ex post facto and were not based on any nation’s law; the tu quoque defense was removed; and some claim the entire spirit of the assembly was "victor’s justice". The Charter of the International Military Tribunal permitted the use of normally inadmissible "evidence". Article 19 specified that "The Tribunal shall not be bound by technical rules of evidence… and shall admit any evidence which it deems to have probative value". Article 21 of the Nuremberg International Military Tribunal (IMT) Charter stipulated:

"The Tribunal shall not require proof of facts of common knowledge but shall take judicial notice thereof. It shall also take judicial notice of official governmental documents and reports of the United [Allied] Nations, including acts and documents of the committees set up in the various allied countries for the investigation of war crimes, and the records and findings of military and other Tribunals of any of the United [Allied] Nations"

• The chief Soviet prosecutor submitted false documentation in an attempt to indict defendants for the murder of thousands of Polish officers in the Katyn forest near Smolensk. However, the other Allied prosecutors refused to support the indictment and German lawyers promised to mount an embarrassing defense. No one was charged or found guilty at Nuremberg for the Katyn Forest massacre.^[57] In 1990, the Soviet government acknowledged that the Katyn massacre was carried out, not by the Germans, but by the Soviet secret police.^[58]

• Freda Utley, in her 1949 book "The High Cost of Vengeance"[1] charged the court with amongst other things double standards. She pointed to the Allied use of civilian forced labor, and deliberate starvation of civilians^[59][60] in the occupied territories. She also noted that General Rudenko, the chief Soviet prosecutor, after the trials became commandant of the Sachsenhausen concentration camp. (After the fall of East Germany the bodies of 12,500 Soviet era victims were uncovered at the camp, mainly "children, adolescents and elderly people."^[61])

• Luise, the wife of Alfred Jodl, attached herself to her husband’s defence team. Subsequently interviewed by Gitta Sereny, researching her biography of Albert Speer, Luise alleged that in many instances the Allied prosecution made charges against Jodl based on documents that they refused to share with the defense. Jodl nevertheless proved some of the charges made against him were untrue, such as the charge that he helped Hitler gain control of Germany in 1933. He was in one instance aided by a GI clerk who chose to give Luise a document showing that the execution of a group of British commandos in Norway had been legitimate. The GI warned Luise that if she didn’t copy it immediately she would never see it again; "… it was being ‘filed’."^[62]

Moreover, the Tribunal itself strongly disputed that the London Charter was ex post facto law, pointing to existing international agreements signed by Germany that made aggressive war and certain wartime actions unlawful, such as the Kellogg-Briand Pact, the Covenant of the League of Nations, and the Hague Conventions.^[63]

Additionally, many^[who?] commentators felt the Nuremberg Trials represented a step forward in extending fairness to the vanquished by requiring that actual criminal misdeeds be proved before punishment could ensue; including some of the defendants and their legal team:

Perhaps the most telling responses to the critics of Jackson and Nuremberg were those of the defendants at trial. Hans Frank, the defendant who had served as the Nazi Governor General of occupied Poland, stated, “I regard this trial as a God-willed court to examine and put an end to the terrible era of suffering under Adolf Hitler.” With the same theme, but a different emphasis, defendant Albert Speer, Hitler’s war production minister, said, “This trial is necessary. There is a shared responsibility for such horrible crimes even in an authoritarian state.” Dr. Theodore Klefish, a member of the German defense team, wrote: "It is obvious that the trial and judgment of such proceedings require of the tribunal the utmost impartiality, loyalty and sense of justice. The Nuremberg tribunal has met all these requirements with consideration and dignity. Nobody dares to doubt that it was guided by the search for truth and justice from the first to the last day of this tremendous trial."^[64]

In his opening statements to the trial, after the indictments had been read and the defendants had enterered pleas of not guilty to the charges, Mr Justice Jackson explained some of the difficulties faced by the prosecution:^[65]

In justice to the nations and the men associated in this prosecution, I must remind you of certain difficulties which may leave their mark on this case. Never before in legal history has an effort been made to bring within the scope of a single litigation the developments of a decade, covering a whole continent, and involving a score of nations, countless individuals, and innumerable events. Despite the magnitude of the task, the world has demanded immediate action. This demand has had to be met, though perhaps at the cost of finished craftmanship. In my country, established courts, following familiar procedures, applying well-thumbed precedents, and dealing with the legal consequences of local and limited events, seldom commence a trial within a year of the event in litigation. Yet less than eight months ago to-day the courtroom in which you sit was an enemy fortress in the hands of German S.S. troops. Less than eight months ago nearly all our witnesses and documents were in enemy hands.

He also acknowledged that the trial would not be perfect, as well as asserting the legal precedent being set:^[66]

I should be the last to deny that the case may well suffer from incomplete researches, and quite likely will not be the example of professional work which any of the prosecuting nations would normally wish to sponsor. It is, however, a completely adequate case to the judgment we shall ask you to render, and its full development we shall be obliged to leave to historians… At the very outset, let us dispose of the contention that to put these men to trial is to do them an injustice, entitling them to some special consideration. These defendants may be hard pressed but they are not ill used… If these men are the first war leaders of a defeated nation to be prosecuted in the name of the law, they are also the first to be given the chance to plead for their lives in the name of the law.

[edit] Legitimacy

One criticism that was made of the IMT was that some treaties were not binding on the Axis powers because they were not signatories. This was addressed in the judgment relating to war crimes and crimes against humanity^[67], which contains an expansion of customary law: "the Convention Hague 1907 expressly stated that it was an attempt ‘to revise the general laws and customs of war,’ which it thus recognised to be then existing, but by 1939 these rules laid down in the Convention were recognised by all civilised nations, and were regarded as being declaratory of the laws and customs of war which are referred to in Article 6 (b) of the [London] Charter." The implication under international law is that if enough countries have signed up to a treaty, and that treaty has been in effect for a reasonable period of time, then it can be interpreted as binding on all nations, not just those who signed the original treaty. This is a highly controversial aspect of international law, one that is still actively debated in international legal journals.^{[citation needed]}

[edit] Further reading

Main article: Nuremberg Trials bibliography

Nuremberg Trials – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Gay bomb – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

 

Gay bomb

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Jump to: navigation, search

This article is about the chemical weapon. For the war photograph, see fag bomb.

The "Halitosis bomb" and "Gay bomb" are informal names for two theoretical non-lethal chemical weapons, which a United States Air Force research laboratory speculated about producing, which involved discharging female sex pheromones over enemy forces in order to make them sexually attracted to each other.

In 1994 the Wright Laboratory in Ohio, a predecessor to today’s United States Air Force Research Laboratory, produced a three-page proposal on a variety of possible nonlethal chemical weapons, which was later obtained—complete with marginal jottings and typos—by the Sunshine Project through a Freedom of Information Act request.

Contents

[hide]

• 1 Background
• 2 Leaked documents
• 3 Body odors
• 4 Ig Nobel Prize awards
• 5 See also
• 6 References
• 7 External links

[edit] Background

The male Axilla (more commonly known as the armpit) has been hypothesized to be a source of human pheromones.

Some body spray advertisers claim that their products contain human sexual pheromones which act as an aphrodisiac. In the 1970s, "copulins" were patented as products which release human pheromones, based on research on rhesus monkeys.^[1] Subsequently, androstenone, axillary sweat, and "vomodors" have been claimed to act as human pheromones.^[2] Despite these claims, no pheromonal substance has ever been demonstrated to directly influence human behavior in a peer reviewed study.^[1][2][3]

Few well-controlled scientific studies have ever been published suggesting the possibility of pheromones in humans. Using a brain imaging technique, Swedish researchers have shown that homosexual and heterosexual males’ brains respond differently to two odors that may be involved in sexual arousal, and that the homosexual men respond in the same way as heterosexual women, though it could not be determined whether this was cause or effect. The study was expanded to include homosexual women; the results were consistent with previous findings meaning that homosexual women were not as responsive to male identified odors, while their response to female cues was similar to that of heterosexual males.^[4] According to the researchers, this research suggests a possible role for human pheromones in the biological basis of sexual orientation.^[5] In 2008, it was found using functional magnetic resonance imaging that the right orbitofrontal cortex, right fusiform cortex, and right hypothalamus respond to airborne natural human sexual sweat. ^[6]

[edit] Leaked documents

In both of the documents, the possibility was canvassed that a strong aphrodisiac could be dropped on enemy troops, ideally one which would also cause "homosexual behavior". The documents described the aphrodisiac weapon as "distasteful but completely non-lethal". The "New Discoveries Needed" section of one of the documents implicitly acknowledges that no such chemicals are actually known. The reports also include many other off-beat ideas, such as spraying enemy troops with bee pheromones and then hiding numerous beehives in the combat area, and a chemical weapon that would give the enemy bad breath.

[edit] Body odors

Body odor remote-engineering, such as halitosis and hyperhidrosis, was another possibility discussed. Again, these effects would be produced by a non-lethal chemical weapon — possibly one that would affect the hormonal and digestive systems. It appears that a ‘heavy sweating bomb’, ‘flatulence bomb’ and ‘halitosis bomb’ were also considered by a committee at the time. The plan was to make an enemy so smelly they could be quite literally sniffed out of hiding by their opponents. It was also considered fairly damaging to the enemy’s morale.

[edit] Ig Nobel Prize awards

Wright Laboratory won the 2007 Ig Nobel Peace Prize for "instigating research & development on a chemical weapon—the so-called ‘gay bomb’ / ‘poof bomb’ —that will make enemy soldiers become sexually irresistible to each other."^[7] However, Air Force personnel contacted were not willing to attend the award ceremony at Harvard University’s Sanders Theatre to accept the award in person.

[edit] See also

• Bremelanotide, the only known synthetic aphrodisiac
• Frey effect (science)
• Homokaasu

[edit] References

1. ^ ^{a b} Wyatt, Tristram D. (2003). Pheromones and Animal Behaviour: Communication by Smell and Taste. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-48526-6. p. 298 Quoting Preti & Weski (1999) "No peer reviewed data supporting the presences of…human…pheromones that cause rapid behavioral changes, such as attraction and/or copulation have been documented."
2. ^ ^{a b} Hays, Warren S. T., Human pheromones: have they been demonstrated? Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 2003, 54:89-97
3. ^ Bear, Mark F.; Barry W. Connors, Michael A. Paradiso (2006). Neuroscience: Exploring the Brain. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 0781760038. http://books.google.com/books?id=75NgwLzueikC&printsec=frontcover&dq=neuroscience+exploring+the+brain. p. 264 …there has not yet been any hard evidence for human pheromones that might [change] sexual attraction (for members of either sex) [naturally]
4. ^ Berglund H, Lindström P, Savic I (May 2006). "Brain response to putative pheromones in lesbian women". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 103 (21): 8269–74. doi:10.1073/pnas.0600331103. PMID 16705035. PMC 1570103. http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=16705035.
5. ^ Wade, N. "Gay Men are found to have Different Scent of Attraction." NY Times, May 9, 2005
6. ^ [|Zhou, Wen]; Denise Chen (March 20 2008). "Encoding human sexual chemosensory cues in the orbitofrontal and fusiform cortices.". J Neurosci 25 (53): 14416–21. http://pubget.com/site/article/19118174.
7. ^ "Winners of the Ig Nobel Prize". Improbable Research. 2007. http://www.improb.com/ig/ig-pastwinners.html#ig2007. Retrieved 2007-10-18.

This article includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please improve this article by introducing more precise citations where appropriate. (May 2009)

• ""Harassing, Annoying, and ‘Bad Guy’ Identifying Chemicals"" (PDF). Sunshine Project. http://www.sunshine-project.org/incapacitants/jnlwdpdf/wpafbchem.pdf. Retrieved 2007-06-16.
• Smith, Michael (15 January 2005). "Pentagon planned love bomb". Telegraph.co.uk (The Daily Telegraph). http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1481260/Pentagon-planned-love-bomb.html. Retrieved 2008-04-30.
• "US military pondered love not war". news.bbc.co.uk (BBC News). 15 January 2005. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4174519.stm. Retrieved 2007-06-16.
• Bransten, Jeremy (30 January 2007). "U.S.: Pentagon Unveils The Next Generation Of Nonlethal Weapons". GlobalSecurity.org. http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/news/2007/01/mil-070130-rferl02.htm. Retrieved 2007-06-16.
• Plante, Hank (8 June 2007). "Pentagon Confirms It Sought To Build A ‘Gay Bomb’". cbs5.com (KPIX-TV). http://cbs5.com/national/Pentagon.gay.bomb.2.284976.html. Retrieved 2008-04-30.
• Bernard, Jerome (16 June 2007). "Pentagon once mulled ‘gay bomb’ to promote love not war". Daily Times. http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2007%5C06%5C16%5Cstory_16-6-2007_pg4_12. Retrieved 2008-04-30.
• "Ig Nobel awards celebrate the sillier side of science". CNN.com (CNN). 5 October 2007. http://www.cnn.com/2007/TECH/science/10/04/ig.nobels.ap/index.html. Retrieved 2007-10-05.
• "The Gay bomb", Michael Smith, The Telegraph, 15/01/2005.

[edit] External links

• Simpson, Mark (13 June 2007). "’Armed and Amorous’". The Guardian. http://www.marksimpson.com/blog/2007/10/06/the-gay-bomb-covers-the-us-air-force-in-glory/.
• Hambrick, Greg (12 June 2007). "Gay Bomb, For Real". Gay Charleston: A Charleston City Paper Blog. Charleston City Paper. http://gaycharleston.ccpblogs.com/2007/06/12/gay-bomb-for-real/. Retrieved 2007-06-16.
• "The Air Forces’ Gay Weapon". Fight for Change. 12 June 2007. http://www.fightforchange.org/the-air-forces-gay-weapon/. Retrieved 2007-06-16.
• Kay, Jonathan (12 June 2007). ""Jonathan Kay on the Pentagon’s plan to build a ‘gay bomb’: Why is this 2005 story news again?"". Full Comment. National Post. http://communities.canada.com/nationalpost/blogs/fullcomment/archive/2007/06/12/jonathan-kay-on-the-pentagon-s-plan-to-build-a-gay-bomb-why-is-this-2005-story-news-again.aspx. Retrieved 2007-06-16.
• "The Gay Bomb, with parody diagram". Unknown Website Parody. Unknown Publisher. 12 June 2007. http://thegaybomb.com. Retrieved 2007-06-16.
• "Hadassah’s Bizzare – Electro Poetry & Absurdist Prose". Gay Bomb. Axon D’Luxe. 22 November 2007. http://www.hadassahsbizzare.com/cdaudio.htm. Retrieved 2007-11-22.

• US military planned ‘gay bomb’
• Air force looked at spray to turn enemy gay
• Air Force Considered Gay ‘Love Bomb’ Against Enemies
• US Military "Gay Bomb" Video
• Gay bomb plan by US

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gay_bomb"

Categories: United States Air Force | Weapons of the United States | Chemical weapons | Less-lethal weapons | Sexual orientation | Pheromones | Physiology

Hidden categories: Articles lacking in-text citations from May 2009 | All articles lacking in-text citations

Gay bomb – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Psychochemical weapons – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

 

Psychochemical weapons

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search

The USA was highly interested in the military use of LSD

Psychochemical weapons, also known as drug weapons, are psychopharmacological agents used within the context of military aggression. They fall within the range of mid-spectrum agents, i.e. an intermediate range between chemical weapons and biological weapons. Drug weapons are typically considered as non-lethal weapons^[1].

Contents

[hide]

• 1 Soviet Union
  • 1.1 Cold War suspicions
  • 1.2 Dissidents from the Soviet Bloc
  • 1.3 Recent findings from the former Soviet Bloc
• 2 The Iraqi weapon
• 3 Moscow hostage crisis
• 4 Adapting pharmaceuticals
• 5 See also
• 6 Video links
• 7 References

[edit] Soviet Union

[edit] Cold War suspicions

Potential weapon: BZ

Potential weapon: LSD

In the early 1950s Western experts were convinced that the communists had already developed and used highly effective mind control and behavior-modification drugs. Public testimonies of US prisoners of war in Korea, or that of Cardinal Mindszenty of Hungary admitting to unrealistic crimes in fabricated trials appeared to support this conclusion ^[2]. And indeed, decades later Mindszenty mentioned pills that got him to make a confession ^[3]. Therefore, the CIA launched a project called MKULTRA to counter perceived Soviet and Chinese advances in brainwashing methods. A new branch of science, neuropharmacology, emerged in parallel with its immediate political and military use. The USA ^[4] and Britain were secretly working on the weaponization of LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide) and BZ (3-quinuclidinyl benzilate) as nonlethal battlefield drug-weapons to develop psychochemicals for mind control in the battlefield ^[1].

However, evidence supporting the suspicions against communist regimes was scarce, and MKULTRA evolved into an offensive program. When accidentally uncovered, it involved about 150 research projects. The project was revealed by the US congressional Rockefeller Commission report. Details are not well understood since its records were deliberately destroyed. The British also concluded that the desired effects of drug weapons were unpredictable under battlefield conditions and gave up experimentation. Many experts in the East and the West equally suggested that drug weapon stories associated with the Soviet bloc were unreliable hints given the apparent absence of documentation in state archives ^[5].

[edit] Dissidents from the Soviet Bloc

General Jan Sejna defected to the United States after the brutal suppression of the Prague Spring by Warsaw Pact tanks in 1968. Formerly, he had been the head of the Defense Council Secretariat and Chief of Staff to the Minister of Defense in Czechoslovakia. He claimed to have been involved in planning and monitoring Czechoslovakia’s participation in drug warfare programs from 1956 ^[5]. He noted there had been two programs. The program code-named Peoples’ Friendship aimed at large-scale drug trafficking with the goal to harm western societies at their own expenses. Another program, code-named Flute was targeting the political and religious opponents within the homeland.

Ion Mihai Pacepa

A decade later, Lieutenant General Ion Mihai Pacepa defected to the USA. Ha had been the head of the Securitate (the secret police of communist Romania) – the highest-ranking intelligence officer ever to defect from the communist era. He also mentioned these two types of drug misuses ^[6] partially in collaboration with Cuba ^[7].

Finally, Kanatjan Alibekov (aka Ken Alibek), the 1st Deputy Chief of the Soviet Union’s (later Russia’s) illegal bioweapons program, defected in 1992. He mentions the project code-named Flute in his memoirs ^[8] as a major project aimed to develop psychotropic and behavior-modification drugs. He claims that this development took the form of a large-scale project pursued in major psychiatry clinics of Moscow.

These three defectors were knowledgeable high-ranked officers; however after their defections they earned money by selling their stories. This gave rise to skepticism about the reliability of their claims. Independent reports of former target persons verify the widespread misuse of psychoactive drugs in the psychiatry clinics of the Warsaw Pact. However, they refer to drug misuse in a medical sense, while direct military aspects were not known up to recently ^[9][10]. Thus, contrary to widespread rumors, there was little, if any, evidence to support the view that the Soviet Union or its satellite states considered drug weapons in a militarily context.

[edit] Recent findings from the former Soviet Bloc

Methylamphetamine: a potent "truth drug"?

This view has changed recently, when the Hungarian State Archives opened up declassified records of Hungary’s State Defense Council meetings (1962–78) ^[11]. These include documents describing the coordinative meetings of the Warsaw Pact military medical services. Research into possible countermeasures against psychotropic drugs is listed as a research priority assigned to Hungary in 1962. Hungary rejected this task in 1963, but joined the ongoing project again in 1965. Methylamphetamine was produced in Budapest for use as an experimental model. Contemporary Western experts considered this drug as an interrogation tool, so-called truth-drug. Similarly to contemporary CIA, Hungary also failed to develop an antidote and the Hungarian project was terminated fruitlessly in 1972. In fact, these documents serve as evidence that a Warsaw Pact forum had considered a psychochemical agent as a weapon ^[11].

[edit] The Iraqi weapon

The existence of a BZ-related compound, called Agent-15, in Iraq‘s arsenals was revealed in 1998. Apparently, Iraq possessed large quantities of the agent since the 1980s. A document found by the United Nations Special Commission (UNSCOM) in 1995 contained a brief reference to this agent and subsequent assessment of relevant scientific and other background material indicated the size of the stockpile. ^[12]

[edit] Moscow hostage crisis

Main article: Moscow hostage crisis chemical agent

In October 2002, Russian Spetsnaz (special forces) pumped an unknown agent into a theatre being held by Chechen rebels, subduing them, but also causing fatalities among the hostages.

[edit] Adapting pharmaceuticals

British researcher Malcolm Dando has warned of the potential for military adaptation of legal pharmaceuticals to military purposes. He has called for the strengthening of the Chemical Weapons Convention to outlaw this technique.^[13]

[edit] See also

• Biological weapon
• Chemical weapon
• Punitive psychiatry in the Soviet Union

[edit] Video links

• British military LSD test
• Czechoslovakian military LSD test
• American military LSD test
• CIA, MKULTRA: mind control experiments

[edit] References

1. ^ ^{a b} Dando M, Furmanski M 2006. Mid-spectrum incapacitant programs. In: Wheelis M et al. (eds). Deadly cultures: the history of biological weapons since 1945. Cambridge, US: Harvard University Press.
2. ^ Douglass JD 2001. Influencing behavior and mental processing in covert operations. Medical Sentinel, 6, 130-136.
3. ^ Mindszenty J 1974. Memories [in Hungarian]. Toronto: Vörösváry.
4. ^ Szinicz L 2005. History of chemical and biological warfare agents. Toxicology, 214, 167-181. accessed: 30. 03. 2009.
5. ^ ^{a b} Douglass JD 1999. Red cocaine – the drugging of America and the west. London and New York: Edward Harle Limited.
6. ^ Pacepa IM 1993. The Kremlin Legacy [in Romanian]. Bucharest: Editura Venus.
7. ^ Pacepa IM 2006. Who is Raul Castro? A tyrant only a brother could love. National Review Online, August 10. accessed: 30. 03. 2009.
8. ^ Alibek K, Handelman S 1999. Biohazard: The chilling true story of the largest covert biological weapons program in the world — told from inside by the man who ran it. New York: Random House.
9. ^ Rózsa L, Nixdorff K 2006. Biological weapons in non-Soviet Warsaw Pact countries. In: Wheelis M et al. (eds.) Deadly cultures: the history of biological weapons since 1945. Cambridge, US: Harvard University Press.
10. ^ López-Munoz F et al. 2006. Psychiatry and political-institutional abuse from the historical perspective: the ethical lessons of the Nuremberg Trial on their 60th anniversary. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 31, 791–806. accessed: 30. 03. 2009.
11. ^ ^{a b} Rózsa L 2009. A psychochemical weapon considered by the Warsaw Pact: a research note. Substance Use & Misuse, 44, 172-178. accessed: 30. 03. 2009.
12. ^ Zanders JP: CW Agent Factsheet – Agent-15 accessed: 30. 03. 2009
13. ^ writing in Nature, and quoted at [1], 19 Aug 2009.

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychochemical_weapons"

Categories: Psychiatry | Political abuses of psychiatry | Biological warfare | Bioethics | Less-lethal weapons | Incapacitating agents | Mind control

Psychochemical weapons – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Psychochemical weapons – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

 

Psychochemical weapons

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search

The USA was highly interested in the military use of LSD

Psychochemical weapons, also known as drug weapons, are psychopharmacological agents used within the context of military aggression. They fall within the range of mid-spectrum agents, i.e. an intermediate range between chemical weapons and biological weapons. Drug weapons are typically considered as non-lethal weapons^[1].

Contents

[hide]

• 1 Soviet Union
  • 1.1 Cold War suspicions
  • 1.2 Dissidents from the Soviet Bloc
  • 1.3 Recent findings from the former Soviet Bloc
• 2 The Iraqi weapon
• 3 Moscow hostage crisis
• 4 Adapting pharmaceuticals
• 5 See also
• 6 Video links
• 7 References

[edit] Soviet Union

[edit] Cold War suspicions

Potential weapon: BZ

Potential weapon: LSD

In the early 1950s Western experts were convinced that the communists had already developed and used highly effective mind control and behavior-modification drugs. Public testimonies of US prisoners of war in Korea, or that of Cardinal Mindszenty of Hungary admitting to unrealistic crimes in fabricated trials appeared to support this conclusion ^[2]. And indeed, decades later Mindszenty mentioned pills that got him to make a confession ^[3]. Therefore, the CIA launched a project called MKULTRA to counter perceived Soviet and Chinese advances in brainwashing methods. A new branch of science, neuropharmacology, emerged in parallel with its immediate political and military use. The USA ^[4] and Britain were secretly working on the weaponization of LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide) and BZ (3-quinuclidinyl benzilate) as nonlethal battlefield drug-weapons to develop psychochemicals for mind control in the battlefield ^[1].

However, evidence supporting the suspicions against communist regimes was scarce, and MKULTRA evolved into an offensive program. When accidentally uncovered, it involved about 150 research projects. The project was revealed by the US congressional Rockefeller Commission report. Details are not well understood since its records were deliberately destroyed. The British also concluded that the desired effects of drug weapons were unpredictable under battlefield conditions and gave up experimentation. Many experts in the East and the West equally suggested that drug weapon stories associated with the Soviet bloc were unreliable hints given the apparent absence of documentation in state archives ^[5].

[edit] Dissidents from the Soviet Bloc

General Jan Sejna defected to the United States after the brutal suppression of the Prague Spring by Warsaw Pact tanks in 1968. Formerly, he had been the head of the Defense Council Secretariat and Chief of Staff to the Minister of Defense in Czechoslovakia. He claimed to have been involved in planning and monitoring Czechoslovakia’s participation in drug warfare programs from 1956 ^[5]. He noted there had been two programs. The program code-named Peoples’ Friendship aimed at large-scale drug trafficking with the goal to harm western societies at their own expenses. Another program, code-named Flute was targeting the political and religious opponents within the homeland.

Ion Mihai Pacepa

A decade later, Lieutenant General Ion Mihai Pacepa defected to the USA. Ha had been the head of the Securitate (the secret police of communist Romania) – the highest-ranking intelligence officer ever to defect from the communist era. He also mentioned these two types of drug misuses ^[6] partially in collaboration with Cuba ^[7].

Finally, Kanatjan Alibekov (aka Ken Alibek), the 1st Deputy Chief of the Soviet Union’s (later Russia’s) illegal bioweapons program, defected in 1992. He mentions the project code-named Flute in his memoirs ^[8] as a major project aimed to develop psychotropic and behavior-modification drugs. He claims that this development took the form of a large-scale project pursued in major psychiatry clinics of Moscow.

These three defectors were knowledgeable high-ranked officers; however after their defections they earned money by selling their stories. This gave rise to skepticism about the reliability of their claims. Independent reports of former target persons verify the widespread misuse of psychoactive drugs in the psychiatry clinics of the Warsaw Pact. However, they refer to drug misuse in a medical sense, while direct military aspects were not known up to recently ^[9][10]. Thus, contrary to widespread rumors, there was little, if any, evidence to support the view that the Soviet Union or its satellite states considered drug weapons in a militarily context.

[edit] Recent findings from the former Soviet Bloc

Methylamphetamine: a potent "truth drug"?

This view has changed recently, when the Hungarian State Archives opened up declassified records of Hungary’s State Defense Council meetings (1962–78) ^[11]. These include documents describing the coordinative meetings of the Warsaw Pact military medical services. Research into possible countermeasures against psychotropic drugs is listed as a research priority assigned to Hungary in 1962. Hungary rejected this task in 1963, but joined the ongoing project again in 1965. Methylamphetamine was produced in Budapest for use as an experimental model. Contemporary Western experts considered this drug as an interrogation tool, so-called truth-drug. Similarly to contemporary CIA, Hungary also failed to develop an antidote and the Hungarian project was terminated fruitlessly in 1972. In fact, these documents serve as evidence that a Warsaw Pact forum had considered a psychochemical agent as a weapon ^[11].

[edit] The Iraqi weapon

The existence of a BZ-related compound, called Agent-15, in Iraq‘s arsenals was revealed in 1998. Apparently, Iraq possessed large quantities of the agent since the 1980s. A document found by the United Nations Special Commission (UNSCOM) in 1995 contained a brief reference to this agent and subsequent assessment of relevant scientific and other background material indicated the size of the stockpile. ^[12]

[edit] Moscow hostage crisis

Main article: Moscow hostage crisis chemical agent

In October 2002, Russian Spetsnaz (special forces) pumped an unknown agent into a theatre being held by Chechen rebels, subduing them, but also causing fatalities among the hostages.

[edit] Adapting pharmaceuticals

British researcher Malcolm Dando has warned of the potential for military adaptation of legal pharmaceuticals to military purposes. He has called for the strengthening of the Chemical Weapons Convention to outlaw this technique.^[13]

[edit] See also

• Biological weapon
• Chemical weapon
• Punitive psychiatry in the Soviet Union

[edit] Video links

• British military LSD test
• Czechoslovakian military LSD test
• American military LSD test
• CIA, MKULTRA: mind control experiments

[edit] References

1. ^ ^{a b} Dando M, Furmanski M 2006. Mid-spectrum incapacitant programs. In: Wheelis M et al. (eds). Deadly cultures: the history of biological weapons since 1945. Cambridge, US: Harvard University Press.
2. ^ Douglass JD 2001. Influencing behavior and mental processing in covert operations. Medical Sentinel, 6, 130-136.
3. ^ Mindszenty J 1974. Memories [in Hungarian]. Toronto: Vörösváry.
4. ^ Szinicz L 2005. History of chemical and biological warfare agents. Toxicology, 214, 167-181. accessed: 30. 03. 2009.
5. ^ ^{a b} Douglass JD 1999. Red cocaine – the drugging of America and the west. London and New York: Edward Harle Limited.
6. ^ Pacepa IM 1993. The Kremlin Legacy [in Romanian]. Bucharest: Editura Venus.
7. ^ Pacepa IM 2006. Who is Raul Castro? A tyrant only a brother could love. National Review Online, August 10. accessed: 30. 03. 2009.
8. ^ Alibek K, Handelman S 1999. Biohazard: The chilling true story of the largest covert biological weapons program in the world — told from inside by the man who ran it. New York: Random House.
9. ^ Rózsa L, Nixdorff K 2006. Biological weapons in non-Soviet Warsaw Pact countries. In: Wheelis M et al. (eds.) Deadly cultures: the history of biological weapons since 1945. Cambridge, US: Harvard University Press.
10. ^ López-Munoz F et al. 2006. Psychiatry and political-institutional abuse from the historical perspective: the ethical lessons of the Nuremberg Trial on their 60th anniversary. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 31, 791–806. accessed: 30. 03. 2009.
11. ^ ^{a b} Rózsa L 2009. A psychochemical weapon considered by the Warsaw Pact: a research note. Substance Use & Misuse, 44, 172-178. accessed: 30. 03. 2009.
12. ^ Zanders JP: CW Agent Factsheet – Agent-15 accessed: 30. 03. 2009
13. ^ writing in Nature, and quoted at [1], 19 Aug 2009.

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychochemical_weapons"

Categories: Psychiatry | Political abuses of psychiatry | Biological warfare | Bioethics | Less-lethal weapons | Incapacitating agents | Mind control

Psychochemical weapons – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Massachusetts – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

 

Massachusetts

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search

This article is about the U.S. state. For other uses, see Massachusetts (disambiguation).

Commonwealth of Massachusetts

Flag
Seal

Nickname(s): The Bay State

Motto(s): Ense petit placidam sub libertate quietem (Latin)

before statehood, known as
the Province of Massachusetts Bay

Official language(s)
English

Demonym
Bay Staters^[1]

Capital
Boston

Largest city
Boston

Largest metro area
Greater Boston

Area
Ranked 44^th in the US

– Total
10,555^[2] sq mi
(27,336 km²)

– Width
183 miles (295 km)

– Length
113 miles (182 km)

– % water
25.7

– Latitude
41° 14′ N to 42° 53′ N

– Longitude
69° 56′ W to 73° 30′ W

Population
Ranked 15^th in the US

– Total
6,593,587 (2009 est.)^[3]

– Density
809.8/sq mi  (312.7/km²)
Ranked 3^rd in the US

– Median income
$65,401 (6^th)

Elevation

– Highest point
Mount Greylock^[4]
3,492 ft  (1,064 m)

– Mean
500 ft  (150 m)

– Lowest point
Atlantic Ocean^[4]
0 ft  (0 m)

Admission to Union
February 6, 1788 (6^th)

Governor
Deval Patrick (D)

Lieutenant Governor
Tim Murray (D)

U.S. Senators
John Kerry (D)
Scott Brown (R)

U.S. House delegation
10 Democrats (list)

Time zone
Eastern: UTC-5/-4

Abbreviations
MA Mass. US-MA

Website
http://www.mass.gov

[show]

Massachusetts State Symbols

Animate insignia

Bird(s)
Black-capped Chickadee, Wild Turkey

Fish
Cod

Flower(s)
Mayflower

Insect
Ladybug

Mammal(s)
Right whale, Morgan horse, Tabby cat, Boston Terrier

Reptile
Garter snake

Tree
American Elm

---

Inanimate insignia

Beverage
Cranberry Juice

Colors
Blue, Green, Cranberry

Dance
Square Dance

Food
Cranberry, Corn muffin, Navy bean, Boston cream pie, Chocolate chip cookie, Boston cream donut

Fossil
Mastodon

Gemstone
Rhodonite

Mineral
Babingtonite

Poem
"Blue Hills of Massachusetts"

Rock
Roxbury Puddingstone

Shell
Wrinkled Whelk

Ship(s)
Schooner Ernestina

Slogan(s)
Make It Yours,
The Spirit of America

Soil
Paxton

Song(s)
All Hail to Massachusetts,
Massachusetts,
The Road to Boston,
Massachusetts (Because of You Our Land is Free),
The Great State of Massachusetts,
Say Hello to Someone from Massachusetts,
Ode to Massachusetts

Sport
Basketball

---

Route marker(s)

---

State Quarter

Released in 2000

---

Lists of United States state insignia

Court Square, Boston, Old State House in the distance

The Commonwealth of Massachusetts (ⁱ /ˌmæsəˈtʃuːsɪts/) is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States. It is bordered by Rhode Island and Connecticut to the south, New York to the west, and Vermont and New Hampshire to the north; at its east lies the Atlantic Ocean. Most of its population of 6.6 million lives in the Boston metropolitan area. The eastern half of the state is made up of urban, suburban, and rural areas, while Western Massachusetts is mostly rural. Massachusetts is the most populous and wealthiest (by GDP per capita) of the six New England states. It ranks third among U.S. states in GDP per capita.

Massachusetts has been significant throughout American history. Plymouth was the second permanent English settlement in North America. Many of Massachusetts’s towns were founded by colonists from England in the 1620s and 1630s. During the eighteenth century, Boston became known as the "Cradle of Liberty" for the agitation there that led to the American Revolution and the independence of the United States from Great Britain. It was also a center of the temperance movement and abolitionist activity before the American Civil War. In 2004, Massachusetts became the first U.S. state to legally recognize same-sex marriage. The state has contributed many prominent politicians to national service, including the Adams family and the Kennedy family.

Originally dependent on fishing, agriculture, and trade with Europe, Massachusetts was transformed into a manufacturing center during the Industrial Revolution. During the twentieth century, the state’s economy shifted from manufacturing to services. Today, the state is a leader in higher education, health care, high technology, and financial services.

Contents

[hide]

• 1 Name
• 2 Geography
  • 2.1 Ecology
• 3 History
  • 3.1 Early
  • 3.2 Colonial period
  • 3.3 Federal period
  • 3.4 19th century
  • 3.5 20th century
  • 3.6 21st century
• 4 Demographics
  • 4.1 Population
  • 4.2 Race, ancestry, and language
  • 4.3 Religion
  • 4.4 Emigration and immigration
• 5 Economy
• 6 Transportation
  • 6.1 Air service
  • 6.2 Road
  • 6.3 Transit
  • 6.4 Freight
  • 6.5 Planning and funding
• 7 Law, government, and politics
  • 7.1 Law
  • 7.2 Government
  • 7.3 Politics
• 8 Cities, towns, and counties
• 9 Education
• 10 Media
• 11 Sports and recreation
  • 11.1 Organized sports
  • 11.2 Outdoor recreation
• 12 See also
• 13 References
  • 13.1 Notes
  • 13.2 Bibliography
• 14 Further reading
  • 14.1 Overviews and surveys
  • 14.2 Secondary sources
• 15 External links
• 16 Related information

[edit] Name

The Massachusetts Bay Colony was named after the indigenous population, the Massachusett, whose name can be segmented as mass-adchu-s-et, where mass- is "large", -adchu- is "hill", -s- is a diminutive suffix meaning "small", and -et is a locative suffix, identifying a place. It has been translated as "near the great hill",^[5] "by the blue hills", "at the little big hill", or "at the range of hills", referring to the Blue Hills, or in particular, Great Blue Hill, located on the boundary of Milton and Canton, to the southwest of Boston.^[6][7][8] (See also the Narragansett name Massachusêuck;^[7] Ojibwe misajiwensed, "of the little big hill".)^[9] Alternatively, Massachusett has been represented as Moswetuset, from the name of the Moswetuset Hummock (meaning "hill shaped like an arrowhead") in Quincy where Plymouth Colony commander Myles Standish and Squanto, a Native American, met Chief Chickatawbut in 1621.^[10][11]

The official name of the state is the "Commonwealth of Massachusetts". Colloquially, it is often referred to simply as "the Commonwealth", although "state" is used interchangeably. While this designation is part of the state’s official name, it has no practical implications. Massachusetts has the same position and powers within the United States as other states and a similar form of internal government.

Massachusetts – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jim Morrison – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

 

Jim Morrison

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For other persons named James or Jim Morrison, see James Morrison.

Jim Morrison

Performing with The Doors, Frankfurt am Main, Germany, 1968

Background information

Birth name
James Douglas Morrison

Born
December 8, 1943(1943-12-08)
Melbourne, Florida, U.S.

Died
July 3, 1971 (aged 27)
Paris, France

Genres
Psychedelic rock, acid rock, blues-rock, hard rock

Occupations
Musician, Songwriter, Poet, Filmmaker

Years active
1963—1971

Labels
Elektra, Columbia

Associated acts
The Doors, Rick & the Ravens

Website
http://www.thedoors.com/

James Douglas "Jim" Morrison (December 8, 1943 – July 3, 1971) was an American singer, songwriter, poet, writer and filmmaker. He was best known as the lead singer and lyricist of The Doors and is widely considered to be one of the most charismatic frontmen in rock music history.^[1] He was also the author of several books of poetry^[1] and the director of a documentary and short film. Although Morrison was known for his baritone vocals, many fans, scholars, and journalists have discussed his theatrical stage persona, his self-destructiveness, and his work as a poet.^[2] He was ranked number 47 on Rolling Stone’s "100 Greatest Singers of All Time".^[3]

Contents

[hide]

• 1 Early years
• 2 The Doors
• 3 Solo: poetry and film
• 4 Personal life
  • 4.1 Morrison’s family
  • 4.2 Women in his life
  • 4.3 Death
    • 4.3.1 Grave site
  • 4.4 Estate controversy
• 5 Artistic roots
• 6 Influence
• 7 Books
  • 7.1 By Jim Morrison
  • 7.2 About Jim Morrison
• 8 Films
  • 8.1 By Jim Morrison
  • 8.2 Documentaries featuring Jim Morrison
  • 8.3 Films about Jim Morrison
• 9 Footnotes
• 10 References
• 11 External links

[edit] Early years

Morrison was born in Melbourne, Florida, to future Admiral George Stephen Morrison and Clara Clarke Morrison. Morrison had a sister, Anne Robin, who was born in 1947 in Albuquerque, New Mexico, and a brother, Andrew Lee Morrison, who was born in 1948 in Los Altos, California. He was of Irish, Scottish, and English descent.^[4] He reportedly had an I.Q. of 149.^[5][6]

In 1947, Morrison, then four years old, allegedly witnessed a car accident in the desert, where a family of Native Americans were injured and possibly killed. He referred to this incident in a spoken word performance on the song "Dawn’s Highway" from the album An American Prayer, and again in the songs "Peace Frog" and "Ghost Song".

Morrison believed the incident to be the most formative event in his life^{[citation needed]} and made repeated references to it in the imagery in his songs, poems, and interviews. Interestingly, his family does not recall this incident happening in the way he told it. According to the Morrison biography No One Here Gets Out Alive, Morrison’s family did drive past a car accident on an Indian reservation when he was a child, and he was very upset by it. However, the book The Doors written by the remaining members of The Doors, explains how different Morrison’s account of the incident was from the account of his father. This book quotes his father as saying, "We went by several Indians. It did make an impression on him [the young James]. He always thought about that crying Indian." This is contrasted sharply with Morrison’s tale of "Indians scattered all over the highway, bleeding to death". In the same book, his sister is quoted as saying, "He enjoyed telling that story and exaggerating it. He said he saw a dead Indian by the side of the road, and I don’t even know if that’s true."

With his father in the United States Navy, Morrison’s family moved often. He spent part of his childhood in San Diego, California. In 1958, Morrison attended Alameda High School in Alameda, California. However, he graduated from George Washington High School (now George Washington Middle School) in Alexandria, Virginia in June 1961. His father was also stationed at Mayport Naval Air Station in Jacksonville, Florida.

Morrison went to live with his paternal grandparents in Clearwater, Florida where he attended classes at St. Petersburg Junior College. In 1962, he transferred to Florida State University (FSU) in Tallahassee where he appeared in a school recruitment film.^[7] While attending FSU Morrison was arrested for a prank, following a home football game.^[8]

In January 1964, Morrison moved to Los Angeles, California. He completed his undergraduate degree in UCLA‘s film school, the Theater Arts department of the College of Fine Arts in 1965. He made two films while attending UCLA. First Love, the first of these films, was released to the public when it appeared in a documentary about the film Obscura. During these years, while living in Venice Beach, he became friends with writers at the Los Angeles Free Press. Morrison was an advocate of the underground newspaper until his death in 1971.^[9]

[edit] The Doors

Main article: The Doors

In 1965, after graduating from UCLA, Morrison led a Bohemian lifestyle in Venice Beach. Morrison and fellow UCLA student Ray Manzarek were the first two members of The Doors. Shortly thereafter, drummer John Densmore and guitarist Robby Krieger joined. Krieger auditioned at Densmore’s recommendation and was then added to the lineup.

The Doors took their name from the title of Aldous Huxley‘s The Doors of Perception (a reference to the ‘unlocking’ of ‘doors’ of perception through psychedelic drug use), Huxley’s own title was a quotation from William Blake‘s The Marriage of Heaven and Hell, in which Blake wrote that "If the doors of perception were cleansed everything would appear to man as it is, infinite."

Although Morrison is known as the lyricist for the group, Krieger also made significant lyrical contributions, writing or co-writing some of the group’s biggest hits, including "Light My Fire", "Love Me Two Times", "Love Her Madly" and "Touch Me".^[10]

In June 1966, Morrison and The Doors were the opening act at the Whisky a Go Go on the last week of the residency of Van Morrison‘s band Them.^[11] Van’s influence on Jim’s developing stage performance was later noted by John Densmore in his book Riders On The Storm: "Jim Morrison learned quickly from his near-namesake’s stagecraft, his apparent recklessness, his air of subdued menace, the way he would improvise poetry to a rock beat, even his habit of crouching down by the bass drum during instrumental breaks."^[12] On the final night, the two Morrisons and the two bands jammed together on "Gloria".^[13][14][15]

The Doors achieved national recognition after signing with Elektra Records in 1967.^[16] The single "Light My Fire" eventually reached number one on the Billboard Pop Singles chart.^[17] Later, The Doors appeared on The Ed Sullivan Show, a popular Sunday night variety series that had introduced The Beatles and a young, wriggling Elvis Presley to the nation. Ed Sullivan requested two songs from The Doors for the show, "People Are Strange", and "Light My Fire". The censors insisted that they change the lyrics of "Light My Fire" from "Girl we couldn’t get much higher" to "Girl we couldn’t get much better". This was reportedly due to what could be perceived as a reference to drugs in the original lyric. Giving assurances of compliance to Sullivan, Morrison then proceeded to sing the song with the original lyrics anyway. He later said that he had simply forgotten to make the change. This so infuriated Sullivan that he refused to shake their hands after their performance. They were never invited back.^[18]

In 1967, Morrison and The Doors produced a promotional film for "Break On Through (To the Other Side)", which was their first single release. The video featured the four members of the group playing the song on a darkened set with alternating views and close-ups of the performers while Morrison lip-synched the lyrics. Morrison and The Doors continued to make music videos, including "The Unknown Soldier", "Moonlight Drive", and "People Are Strange".

By the release of their second album, Strange Days, The Doors had become one of the most popular rock bands in the United States. Their blend of blues and rock tinged with psychedelia included a number of original songs and distinctive cover versions, such as the memorable rendition of "Alabama Song", from Bertolt Brecht and Kurt Weill‘s operetta, Rise and Fall of the City of Mahagonny. The band also performed a number of extended concept works, including the songs "The End", "When the Music’s Over", and "Celebration of the Lizard".

In 1967, photographer Joel Brodsky took a series of black-and-white photos of Morrison, in a photo shoot known as "The Young Lion" photo session. These photographs are considered among the most iconic images of Jim Morrison and are frequently used as covers for compilation albums, books, and other memorabilia of the Doors and Morrison.^[19] In 1968, The Doors released their third studio LP, Waiting for the Sun. Their fourth LP, The Soft Parade, was released in 1969. It was the first album where the individual band members were given credit on the inner sleeve for the songs they had written.

After this, Morrison started to show up for recording sessions inebriated. He was also frequently late for live performances. As a result, the band would play instrumental music or force Manzarek to take on the singing duties.

By 1969, the formerly svelte singer gained weight, grew a beard, and began dressing more casually – abandoning the leather pants and concho belts for slacks, jeans and T-shirts.

During a 1969 concert at the Dinner Key Auditorium in Miami, Morrison attempted to spark a riot in the audience. He failed, but a warrant for his arrest was issued by the Dade County Police department three days later for indecent exposure. Consequently, many of The Doors’ scheduled concerts were canceled.^[20] In the years following the incident, Morrison has been exonerated. In 2007 Florida Governor Charlie Crist suggested the possibility of a posthumous pardon for Morrison.^{[21][dead link]}

Following The Soft Parade, The Doors released the Morrison Hotel LP. After a lengthy break the group reconvened in October 1970 to record their last LP with Morrison, L.A. Woman. Shortly after the recording sessions for the album began, producer Paul A. Rothchild — who had overseen all their previous recordings — left the project. Engineer Bruce Botnick took over as producer.

[edit] Solo: poetry and film

Morrison began writing in adolescence. In college, he studied the related fields of theater, film, and cinematography.^[22]

He self-published two volumes of his poetry in 1969, The Lords / Notes on Vision and The New Creatures. The Lords consists primarily of brief descriptions of places, people, events and Morrison’s thoughts on cinema. The New Creatures verses are more poetic in structure, feel and appearance. These two books were later combined into a single volume titled The Lords and The New Creatures. These were the only writings published during Morrison’s lifetime.

Morrison befriended Beat Poet Michael McClure, who wrote the afterword for Danny Sugerman‘s biography of Morrison, No One Here Gets Out Alive. McClure and Morrison reportedly collaborated on a number of unmade film projects to include a film version of McClure’s infamous play The Beard in which Morrison would have played Billy the Kid.^[23]

After his death, two volumes of Morrison’s poetry were published. The contents of the books were selected and arranged by Morrison’s friend, photographer Frank Lisciandro, and girlfriend Pamela Courson‘s parents, who owned the rights to his poetry. The Lost Writings of Jim Morrison Volume 1 is titled Wilderness, and, upon its release in 1988, became an instant New York Times best seller. Volume 2, The American Night, released in 1990, was also a success.

Morrison recorded his own poetry in a professional sound studio on two separate occasions. The first was in March 1969 in Los Angeles and the second was on December 8, 1970. The latter recording session was attended by Morrison’s personal friends and included a variety of sketch pieces. Some of the segments from the 1969 session were issued on the bootleg album The Lost Paris Tapes and were later used as part of the Doors’ An American Prayer album, released in 1978. The album reached number 54 on the music charts. The poetry recorded from the December 1970 session remains unreleased to this day and is in the possession of the Courson family.

Morrison’s best-known but seldom seen cinematic endeavor is HWY: An American Pastoral, a project he started in 1969. Morrison financed the venture and formed his own production company in order to maintain complete control of the project. Paul Ferrara, Frank Lisciandro and Babe Hill assisted with the project. Morrison played the main character, a hitchhiker turned killer/car thief. Morrison asked his friend, composer/pianist Fred Myrow, to select the soundtrack for the film.^[24][25]

[edit] Personal life

[edit] Morrison’s family

Morrison’s early life was a nomadic existence typical of military families.^[26] Jerry Hopkins recorded Morrison’s brother, Andy, explaining that his parents had determined never to use corporal punishment on their children. They instead instilled discipline and levied punishment by the military tradition known as "dressing down". This consisted of yelling at and berating the children until they were reduced to tears and acknowledged their failings.

Once Morrison graduated from UCLA, he broke off most of his family contact. By the time Morrison’s music ascended to the top of the charts in 1967 he had not been in communication with his family for more than a year and falsely claimed that his parents and siblings were dead (or claiming, as it has been widely misreported, that he was an only child). This misinformation was published as part of the materials distributed with The Doors’ self-titled debut album.

In a letter to the Florida Probation and Parole Commission District Office dated October 2, 1970, Morrison’s father acknowledged the breakdown in family communications as the result of an argument over his assessment of his son’s musical talents. He said he could not blame his son for being reluctant to initiate contact and that he was proud of him nonetheless.^[27]

[edit] Women in his life

Morrison met his long-term companion,^[28] Pamela Courson, well before he gained any fame or fortune,^[29] and she encouraged him to develop his poetry. At times, Courson used the surname "Morrison" with his apparent consent or at least lack of concern. After Courson’s death in 1974 the probate court in California decided that she and Morrison had what qualified as a common law marriage (see below, under "Estate Controversy").

Courson and Morrison’s relationship was a stormy one, however, with frequent loud arguments and periods of separation. Biographer Danny Sugerman surmised that part of their difficulties may have stemmed from a conflict between their respective commitments to an open relationship and the consequences of living in such a relationship.

In 1970, Morrison participated in a Celtic Pagan handfasting ceremony with rock critic and science fiction/fantasy author Patricia Kennealy. Before witnesses, one of them a Presbyterian minister,^[30] the couple signed a document declaring themselves wedded;^[31] however, none of the necessary paperwork for a legal marriage was filed with the state. Kennealy discussed her experiences with Morrison in her autobiography Strange Days: My Life With and Without Jim Morrison and in an interview reported in the book Rock Wives.

Morrison also regularly had sex with fans and had numerous short flings with women who were celebrities, including Nico, the singer associated with The Velvet Underground, a one night stand with singer Grace Slick of Jefferson Airplane, an on-again-off-again relationship with 16 Magazine‘s editor in chief Gloria Stavers and an alleged alcohol-fueled encounter with Janis Joplin. Judy Huddleston also recalls her relationship with Morrison in Living and Dying with Jim Morrison. At the time of his death there were reportedly as many as 20 paternity actions pending against him, although no claims were made against his estate by any of the putative paternity claimants, and the only person making a public claim to being Morrison’s son was shown to be a fraud.

[edit] Death

Morrison flew to Paris in March 1971, took up residence in a rented apartment, and went for long walks through the city,^[32] admiring the city’s architecture. During that time, Morrison grew a beard.^[33]

It was in Paris that Morrison made his last studio recording with two American street musicians — a session dismissed by Manzarek as "drunken gibberish".^[34] The session included a version of a song-in-progress, "Orange County Suite", which can be heard on the bootleg The Lost Paris Tapes.

Morrison died on July 3, 1971. In the official account of his death, he was found in a Paris apartment bathtub by Courson. Pursuant to French law, no autopsy was performed because the medical examiner claimed to have found no evidence of foul play. The absence of an official autopsy has left many questions regarding Morrison’s cause of death.

In Wonderland Avenue, Danny Sugerman discussed his encounter with Courson after she returned to the U.S. According to Sugerman’s account, Courson stated that Morrison had died of a heroin overdose, having insufflated what Morrison believed to be cocaine. Sugerman added that Courson had given numerous contradictory versions of Morrison’s death, at times saying that she had killed Morrison, or that his death was her fault. Courson’s story of Morrison’s unintentional ingestion of heroin, followed by accidental overdose, is supported by the confession of Alain Ronay, who has written that Morrison died of a hemorrhage after snorting Courson’s heroin, and that Courson nodded off, leaving Morrison bleeding to death instead of phoning for medical help.^[35]

Ronay confessed in an article in Paris-Match that he then helped cover up the circumstances of Morrison’s death.^[36] In the epilogue of No One Here Gets Out Alive, Hopkins and Sugerman write that Ronay and Agnès Varda say Courson lied to the police who responded at the death scene, and later in her deposition, telling them Morrison never took drugs.

In the epilogue to No One Here Gets Out Alive, Hopkins says that 20 years after Morrison’s death Ronay and Varda broke silence and gave this account: They arrived at the house shortly after Morrison’s death and Courson said that she and Morrison had taken heroin after a night of drinking in bars. Morrison had been coughing badly, had gone to take a bath, and vomited blood. Courson said that he appeared to recover and that she then went to sleep. When she awoke sometime later Morrison was unresponsive and so she called for medical assistance.

Courson herself died of a heroin overdose three years later. Like Morrison, she was 27 years old at the time of her death.

However, in the epilogue of No One Here Gets Out Alive, Hopkins and Sugerman also claim that Morrison had asthma and was suffering from a respiratory condition involving a chronic cough and throwing up blood on the night of his death. This theory is partially supported in The Doors (written by the remaining members of the band) in which they claim Morrison had been coughing up blood for nearly two months in Paris. However, none of the members of the Doors were in Paris with Morrison in the months before his death.

In the first version of No One Here Gets Out Alive published in 1980, Sugerman and Hopkins gave some credence to the rumour that Morrison may not have died at all, calling the fake death theory “not as far-fetched as it might seem”.^[37] This theory led to considerable distress for Morrison’s loved ones over the years, notably when fans would stalk them, searching for evidence of Morrison’s whereabouts.^[38][39] In 1995 a new epilogue was added to Sugerman and Hopkins’ book, giving new facts about Morrison’s death and discounting the fake death theory, saying “As time passed, some of Jim and Pamela [Courson]’s friends began to talk about what they knew, and although everything they said pointed irrefutably to Jim’s demise, there remained and probably always will be those who refuse to believe that Jim is dead and those who will not allow him to rest in peace.”^[40]

Jim Morrison’s grave at Père-Lachaise.

In a July 2007 newspaper interview, a self-described close friend of Morrison’s, Sam Bernett, resurrected an old rumor and announced that Morrison actually died of a heroin overdose in the Rock ‘n’ Roll Circus nightclub, on the Left Bank in Paris. Bernett claims that Morrison came to the club to buy heroin for Courson then did some himself and died in the bathroom. Bernett alleges that Morrison was then moved back to the rue Beautreillis apartment and dumped in the bathtub by the same two drug dealers from whom Morrison had purchased the heroin. Bernett says those who saw Morrison that night were sworn to secrecy in order to prevent a scandal for the famous club,^[41] and that some of the witnesses immediately left the country. However, this is just the latest of many in a long line of old rumours and conspiracy theories surrounding the death of Morrison^[42][43] and is less supported by witnesses than are the accounts of Ronay and Courson (cited above).^[44]

[edit] Grave site

Morrison is buried in the Père Lachaise Cemetery in eastern Paris, one of the city’s most visited tourist attractions. The grave had no official marker until French officials placed a shield over it, which was stolen in 1973. In 1981, Croatian sculptor Mladen Mikulin placed a bust of Morrison and the new gravestone with Morrison’s name at the grave to commemorate the 10th anniversary of his death;^[45] the bust was defaced through the years by cemetery vandals and later stolen in 1988.^[46] In the 1990s Morrison’s father, George Stephen Morrison, placed a flat stone on the grave. The stone bears the Greek inscription: ΚΑΤΑ ΤΟΝ ΔΑΙΜΟΝΑ ΕΑΥΤΟΥ, literally meaning "according to his own daimōn" and usually interpreted as "true to his own spirit".^[47][48][49] Mikulin later made two more Morrison portraits in bronze but is awaiting the license to place a new sculpture on the tomb.

[edit] Estate controversy

In his will, made in Los Angeles County on February 12, 1969, Morrison (who described himself as "an unmarried person") bequeathed his entire estate to Courson, also naming her co-executor with his attorney, Max Fink; she thus inherited everything upon Morrison’s death in 1971.

When Courson died in 1974, a battle ensued between Morrison’s and Courson’s parents over who had legal claim to Morrison’s estate. Since Morrison left a will, the question was effectively moot. Upon his death, his property became Courson’s, and on her death her property passed to her next heirs at law, her parents. Morrison’s parents contested the will under which Courson and now her parents had inherited their son’s property.

To bolster their position, Courson’s parents presented a document they claimed she had acquired in Colorado, apparently an application for a declaration that she and Morrison had contracted a common-law marriage under the laws of that state. The ability to contract a common-law marriage was abolished in California in 1896, but the state’s conflict of laws rules provided for recognition of common-law marriages lawfully contracted in foreign jurisdictions — and Colorado was one of the eleven U.S. jurisdictions that still recognized common-law marriage.

[edit] Artistic roots

As a naval family the Morrisons relocated frequently. Consequently Morrison’s early education was routinely disrupted as he moved from school to school. Nonetheless he proved to be an intelligent and capable student drawn to the study of literature, poetry, religion, philosophy and psychology, among other fields.

Biographers have consistently pointed to a number of writers and philosophers who influenced Morrison’s thinking and, perhaps, behavior. While still in his teens Morrison discovered the works of philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche. He was also drawn to the poetry of William Blake, Charles Baudelaire and Arthur Rimbaud. Beat Generation writers such as Jack Kerouac also had a strong influence on Morrison’s outlook and manner of expression; Morrison was eager to experience the life described in Kerouac’s On the Road. He was similarly drawn to the works of the French writer Louis-Ferdinand Céline. Céline’s book, Voyage au Bout de la Nuit (Journey to the End of the Night) and Blake’s Auguries of Innocence both echo through one of Morrison’s early songs, "End of the Night". Morrison later met and befriended Michael McClure, a well known beat poet. McClure had enjoyed Morrison’s lyrics but was even more impressed by his poetry and encouraged him to further develop his craft.

Morrison’s vision of performance was colored by the works of 20th century French playwright Antonin Artaud (author of Theater and its Double) and by Julian Beck‘s Living Theater.

Other works relating to religion, mysticism, ancient myth and symbolism were of lasting interest, particularly Joseph Campbell‘s The Hero with a Thousand Faces. James Frazer‘s The Golden Bough also became a source of inspiration and is reflected in the title and lyrics of the song "Not to Touch the Earth".

Morrison was particularly attracted to the myths and religions of Native American cultures.^[50] While he was still in school, his family moved to New Mexico where he got to see some of the places and artifacts important to the Southwest Indigenous cultures. These interests appear to be the source of many references to creatures and places such as lizards, snakes, deserts and "ancient lakes" that appear in his songs and poetry. His interpretation of the practices of a Native American "shaman" were worked into parts of Morrison’s stage routine, notably in his interpretation of the Ghost Dance, and a song on his later poetry album, The Ghost Song.

[edit] Influence

Morrison remains one of the most popular and influential singers/writers in rock history as The Doors’ catalog has become a staple of classic rock radio stations. To this day he is widely regarded as the prototypical rock star: surly, sexy, scandalous and mysterious. The leather pants he was fond of wearing both on stage and off have since become stereotyped as rock star apparel.

Iggy and the Stooges are said to have formed after lead singer Iggy Pop was inspired by Morrison while attending a Doors concert in Ann Arbor, Michigan.^[51] One of Pop’s most popular songs, "The Passenger", is said to be based on one of Morrison’s poems.^[52] After Morrison’s death, Pop was considered as a replacement lead singer for The Doors; the surviving Doors gave him some of Morrison’s belongings and hired him as a vocalist for a series of shows.

Wallace Fowlie, professor emeritus of French literature at Duke University, wrote Rimbaud and Jim Morrison, subtitled "The Rebel as Poet – A Memoir". In this book, Fowlie recounts his surprise at receiving a fan letter from Morrison who, in 1968, thanked him for his latest translation of Arthur Rimbaud‘s verse into English. "I don’t read French easily", he wrote, "…your book travels around with me." Fowlie went on to give lectures on numerous campuses comparing the lives, philosophies and poetry of Morrison and Rimbaud.

Eddie Vedder, lead singer of Pearl Jam^[1], Scott Weiland, the vocalist of Stone Temple Pilots and Velvet Revolver, as well as Scott Stapp of Creed, claim Morrison to be their biggest influence and inspiration. Stone Temple Pilots and Velvet Revolver have both covered "Roadhouse Blues" by the Doors. Weiland also filled in for Morrison to perform "Break On Through" with the rest of the Doors. Stapp filled in for Morrison for "Light My Fire", "Riders on the Storm" and "Roadhouse Blues" on VH1 Storytellers. Creed performed their version of "Riders on the Storm" with Robbie Krieger for the 1999 Woodstock Festival.

The book The Doors by the remaining Doors quotes Morrison’s close friend Frank Lisciandro as saying that too many people took a remark of Morrison’s that he was interested in revolt, disorder, and chaos “to mean that he was an anarchist, a revolutionary, or, worse yet, a nihilist. Hardly anyone noticed that Jim was restating Rimbaud and the Surreal poets.”^[53]

[edit] Books

[edit] By Jim Morrison

• The Lords and the New Creatures (1969). 1985 edition: ISBN 0-7119-0552-5
• An American Prayer (1970) privately printed by Western Lithographers. (Unauthorized edition also published in 1983, Zeppelin Publishing Company, ISBN 0-915628-46-5. The authenticity of the unauthorized edition has been disputed.)
• Wilderness: The Lost Writings Of Jim Morrison (1988). 1990 edition: ISBN 0-14-011910-8
• The American Night: The Writings of Jim Morrison (1990). 1991 edition: ISBN 0-670-83772-5

[edit] About Jim Morrison

• Linda Ashcroft, Wild Child: Life with Jim Morrison, (1997) ISBN 1-56025-249-9
• Lester Bangs, "Jim Morrison: Bozo Dionysus a Decade Later" in Main Lines, Blood Feasts, and Bad Taste: A Lester Bangs Reader, John Morthland, ed. Anchor Press (2003) ISBN 0-375-71367-0
• Patricia Butler, Angels Dance and Angels Die: The Tragic Romance of Pamela and Jim Morrison, (1998) ISBN 0-8256-7341-0
• Stephen Davis, Jim Morrison: Life, Death, Legend, (2004) ISBN 1-59240-064-7
• John Densmore, Riders on the Storm: My Life With Jim Morrison and the Doors (1991) ISBN 0-385-30447-1
• Dave DiMartino, Moonlight Drive (1995) ISBN 1-886894-21-3
• Wallace Fowlie, Rimbaud and Jim Morrison (1994) ISBN 0-8223-1442-8
• Jerry Hopkins, The Lizard King: The Essential Jim Morrison (1995) ISBN 0-684-81866-3
• Jerry Hopkins and Danny Sugerman, No One Here Gets Out Alive (1980) ISBN 0-85965-138-X
• Patricia Kennealy, Strange Days: My Life With and Without Jim Morrison (1992) ISBN 0-525-93419-7
• Frank Lisciandro, Morrison — A Feast of Friends (1991) ISBN 0-446-39276-6
• Frank Lisciandro, Jim Morrison — An Hour For Magic (A Photojournal) ISBN 0-85965-246-7
• Ray Manzarek, Light My Fire (1998) ISBN 0-446-60228-0L. First by Jerry Hopkins and Danny Sugerman (1981)
• Peter Jan Margry, The Pilgrimage to Jim Morrison’s Grave at Père Lachaise Cemetery: The Social Construction of Sacred Space. In idem (ed.), Shrines and Pilgrimage in the Modern World. New Itineraries into the Sacred. Amsterdam University Press, 2008, p. 145-173.
• Thanasis Michos, The Poetry of James Douglas Morrison (2001) ISBN 960-7748-23-9 (Greek)
• Mark Opsasnick, The Lizard King Was Here: The Life and Times of Jim Morrison in Alexandria, Virginia (2006) ISBN 1-4257-1330-0
• James Riordan & Jerry Prochnicky, Break on through : The Life and Death of Jim Morrison (1991) ISBN 0-688-11915-8
• Adriana Rubio, Jim Morrison: Ceremony…Exploring the Shaman Possession (2005) ISBN 0-9766590-0-X
• The Doors (remaining members Ray Manzarek, Robby Krieger, John Densmore) with Ben Fong-Torres, The Doors (2006) ISBN 1-4013-0303-X

[edit] Films

[edit] By Jim Morrison

• HWY: An American Pastoral (1969)
• A Feast of Friends (1970)

[edit] Documentaries featuring Jim Morrison

• The Doors Are Open (1968)
• Live in Europe (1968)
• Live at the Hollywood Bowl (1968)
• Feast of Friends (1969)
• The Doors: A Tribute to Jim Morrison (1981)
• The Doors: Dance on Fire (1985)
• The Soft Parade, a Retrospective (1991)
• Final 24: Jim Morrison (2007), The Biography Channel^[54]
• When You’re Strange (2009)

[edit] Films about Jim Morrison

• The Doors (1991), A fiction film by director Oliver Stone, starring Val Kilmer as Morrison and with cameos by Krieger and Densmore. Kilmer’s performance was praised by some critics. Members of the group, however, criticized Stone’s portrayal of Morrison, and noted that numerous events depicted in the movie were pure fiction.^[55]

[edit] Footnotes

Jim Morrison – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia