Anheuser-Busch

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Anheuser-Busch Companies, Inc.

Type	Wholly owned subsidiary
Industry	Beverages and packaging
Founded	1852, incorporated in 1875
Headquarters	St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.
Key people	Dave Peacock (CEO) Luiz Fernando Edmond (North American Zone President)
Products	Beers, lagers, malt beverages, energy drinks, bottled water
Revenue	▲$16.7 billion (2007)
Employees	30,849 (2007)
Parent	Anheuser–Busch InBev
Website	www.anheuser-busch.com

This article is about the business acquired by Anheuser–Busch InBev in 2008. For the parent company, see Anheuser–Busch InBev.

Anheuser-Busch Companies, Inc. (pronounced /ˈænhaɪzər ˈbʊʃ/), a wholly owned subsidiary of Belgium-based Anheuser–Busch InBev, is the largest brewing company in the United States. The company operates 12 breweries in the United States and nearly 20 in other countries. It was, until December 2009, also one of America’s largest theme park operators; operating ten theme parks across the United States through the company’s family entertainment division, Busch Entertainment Corporation. It is headquartered in St. Louis, Missouri.^[1]

Contents [show] 1 History 1.1 Acquisition by InBev 1.2 Changes introduced by InBev 2 Breweries 2.1 St. Louis headquarters and brewery 2.2 International operations 3 Beverage products 4 Brands imported and distributed 5 Advertising 6 Environmental record 7 Additional subsidiaries 8 Other business relationships 9 St. Louis Cardinals 10 Wholesalers and distributors 11 Corporate leadership 12 References 13 External links

[edit] History

Interior of the St. Louis brewery

This section requires expansion.

Anheuser-Busch began as a small brewery located in St. Louis, Missouri. In 1860, Eberhard Anheuser, a prosperous German-born soap manufacturer, became owner of the struggling brewery. Adolphus Busch, Anheuser’s son-in-law, became partner in 1869, and became president when Anheuser died in 1880.
Adolphus Busch was the first U.S. brewer to use pasteurization to keep beer fresh, the first to use artificial refrigeration and refrigerated railroad cars and the first to bottle beer extensively.^[2] In 1876, Busch introduced America’s first national beer brand: Budweiser. In 1877, the company introduced the first cola: King Cola.
The Temperance movement in the United States dealt a major blow to the company in the 1910s through the 1930s. The German heritage of Anheuser, along with its major competitors such as Miller, seriously affected the corporation’s public image during World War I, when Anti-German sentiment in the United States reached moral panic proportions. Poor public relations, such as when part of the Anheuser family elected to stay in Germany after the war broke out to help with the home front efforts against the Allies, did not help change the perception of a large number of Americans who were predisposed by nascent mass media to distrust German-origin products during the first World War.
Anheuser-Busch became the largest brewer in the United States in 1957.
Anheuser-Busch International, Inc. was established in 1981, and is responsible for the company’s foreign beer operations and equity investments. However, after the InBev takeover, A-BII essentially has been shut down and those respective operations were transferred to the other InBev zones where the interests are located.
As of 2008, it has 48.9% share of beer sales in the United States (by barrels),^[3] and produces about 11 billion bottles of beer a year.^{[citation needed]}
Up until 2009, Anheuser-Busch was also one of the largest theme park owners/operators in the United States, with ten parks throughout the country through its entertainment division, Busch Entertainment Corporation. On October 7, 2009, parent company Anheuser-Busch InBev announced plans to sell the division to The Blackstone Group for up to $2.7 Billion USD.

Rare Olive Drab Budweiser Can

[edit] Acquisition by InBev

Main article: Anheuser-Busch InBev

On June 12, 2008, Brazilian-Belgian brewing company InBev announced that it had made a US$ 46 billion dollar offer for the company.^[4] which if it was accepted would join two of the world’s four largest brewing companies (based on revenue) and create a company brewing three of the highest grossing beers in the world, namely Bud Light, Budweiser, and Skol. InBev also stated that the merger would not result in any U.S. brewery closures and they would also attempt to keep on management and board members from both companies.^[5] On June 25, 2008, Anheuser-Busch officially announced that they would reject InBev’s offer and provide a restructuring of company to maintain shareholders and United States World Headquarters in St. Louis.^[6] On July 1, 2008, InBev urged Anheuser-Busch shareholders to vote in favor of the buyout as InBev felt the offer of $65 per share should be considered a reasonable offer in view of the falling stock market. The company had previously filed suit in Delaware, after the rejection of their offer, to ensure that the stockholders could oust Anheuser-Busch’s 13 board members.^[7] On July 7, 2008, Anheuser-Busch filed a lawsuit against InBev to stop them from soliciting support of shareholders, stating that the company’s offer is an illegal scheme. InBev was also accused of concealing that they do business in Cuba, which might have created additional obstacles to their efforts to operate in the United States.^[8]
On July 13, 2008, Anheuser-Busch and InBev said they had agreed to a deal, pending shareholder and regulatory approval,^[9] for InBev to purchase the American icon at $70 per share, creating a new company to be named Anheuser-Busch InBev. Anheuser-Busch would get two seats on the combined board of directors. The all-cash agreement, almost $52 billion in total equity, created the world’s largest brewer, uniting the maker of Budweiser and Michelob with the producer of Stella Artois, Hoegaarden, Leffe and Beck’s, Bass, Labatt and Brahma. The two companies had combined yearly sales of more than $36.4 billion, surpassing the current No. 1 brewer, London-based SABMiller.^[10][11]

[edit] Changes introduced by InBev

On November 18, 2008, the acquisition was completed and the company is now known as Anheuser-Busch Inbev. Within six months, InBev “turned a family-led company that spared little expense into one that is focused intently on cost-cutting and profit margins, while rethinking the way it sells beer.”^[3] InBev is applying an approach that “stresses a sharp eye on costs and incentive-based pay structures” that it inherited from AmBev in a prior acquisition; among the changes:^[3]

• 1,400 U.S. employees (6%) and 415 contractors were laid off
• introduced what InBev called an “increased focus on meritocracy” that means salaried workers receive a base salary targeted to be 80% to 100% of the market rate (though this has not turned out to be the case, with many employees earning well under 80%)^{[citation needed]}
• about 40 of its executives were granted a total of 28 million stock options, “potentially worth tens of millions of dollars to each recipient, if the company reduces its debt-to-income ratio by about half in five years”
• for senior management, elimination of executive assistants and private secretaries
• elimination of free beer program known as the Brewmasters Club formally located at the theme parks (which have since been sold)
• announced it would end contributions to its pension plan for salaried employees in 2012
• “ornate executive suites” were replaced by a “sea of desks”^{[citation needed]}
• the number of company-supplied BlackBerrys for employees cut from 1,200 to 720
• accounts payable terms lengthened to 120 days
• zero-based budgeting
• put its corporate jets for sale
• announced that in January 2010, it will stop providing life insurance for retirees
• elimination of tuition reimbursement for all but its highest rated employees (those rated 4a and 4b)

These changes are also accompanied by changes in its advertising.
The changes continued in 2010, as Anheuser-Busch InBev:

• Continued with layoffs according to a local paper and employees (with more layoffs rumored to come)^[12]
• Revamped their severance policy to require employees to sign away their rights to WARN pay before receiving severance

[edit] Breweries

In the United States, Anheuser-Busch operates 12 breweries. These are located in St. Louis, Missouri; Baldwinsville, New York; Cartersville, Georgia; Columbus, Ohio; Fairfield, California; Fort Collins, Colorado; Houston, Texas; Jacksonville, Florida; Van Nuys, Los Angeles, California; Merrimack, New Hampshire; Newark, New Jersey; and Williamsburg, Virginia.

[edit] St. Louis headquarters and brewery

See also: Alcohol laws of Missouri

Anheuser-Busch Brewery
U.S. National Register of Historic Places
U.S. National Historic Landmark District
The packaging plant in St. Louis, Missouri
Location:	721 Pestalozzi St. Louis, Missouri
Coordinates:	38°35′51″N 90°12′44″W / 38.5975°N 90.21222°W / 38.5975; -90.21222Coordinates: 38°35′51″N 90°12′44″W / 38.5975°N 90.21222°W / 38.5975; -90.21222
Area:	142 acres (0.57 km2)[13]
Built/Founded:	1875
Architectural style(s):	Romanesque
Governing body:	Private
Added to NRHP:	November 13, 1966[14]
Designated NHLD:	November 13, 1966[15]
NRHP Reference#:	66000945

Anheuser-Busch InBev’s North American headquarters are located in St. Louis, Missouri. The brewery, opened in 1852, is a National Historic Landmark District, and includes three buildings listed as National Historic Landmarks. Free public tours of the brewery are given. The tour takes visitors through the complex, and those of the legal age can enjoy two free glasses of any Anheuser-Busch product in the Hospitality Room after the tour. Tourists can see beer being made in a working part of the brewery (from behind plexiglas shields).
The company keeps a rotation of its famous Budweiser Clydesdales at its headquarters, and visitors to the brewery can observe the Clydesdales in their exercise field and see their places in the carriage house. Some of the herd is kept at the company farm in St. Louis County. The farm, known as Grant’s Farm (having been owned by former President Ulysses S. Grant at one time), is home to a menagerie of animals. Since 2008, approximately half of the Budweiser Clydesdales are kept at the Warmsprings Ranch.
The brewery was designated a U.S. National Historic Landmark in 1966.^[13][15] The landmarked area includes 189 structures spread over 142 acres (0.57 km²), including many red brick Romanesque ones “with square crenelated towers and elaborate details.”^[13] The Brew House, built in 1891-1892, is particularly notable for its “multi-storied hop chandeliers, intricate iron-work, and utilization of natural light”.^[13]

[edit] International operations

Anheuser-Busch, prior to the take-over, operated Anheuser-Busch International Inc. which handled the international operations (described below). After the InBev takeover, however, those specific interests and the management oversight of them has been transferred to those respective zones (Harbin, for example, is now managed by the Asia-Pacific Zone of A-B InBev). The following description of A-BII areas, therefore, is left here for historical purposes:
Outside the United States, Anheuser-Busch operates 15 breweries – 14 in China and one in the United Kingdom; In China, A-B operates Budweiser Wuhan International Brewing Company, Ltd. and Harbin Brewery Group Ltd which A-B fully acquired in 2004. Chinese production of AB products in China started, in Wuhan, after their purchase of a local brewery in 1997. In the United Kingdom, the Budweiser Stag Brewing Company Ltd. produces and packages Budweiser, but this brewery is due to close in 2010 as part of cost controls introduced following Anheuser-Busch’s acquisition by InBev.^[16]
Budweiser is also locally brewed in eight other countries: Argentina, Canada, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Russia, South Korea and Spain.^{[citation needed]}
Anheuser-Busch strategic equity investments include:

• 50.2% of Grupo Modelo in Mexico^[17]
• 7% of Tsingtao Brewery Company Ltd. in China^[17] (19.9% was sold to Asahi; the remaining interest was sold to another group – as of April 2009, A-B no longer has a stake in Tsingtao)
• 34% of craft beer Redhook Ale Brewery^[18]
• 40% of Widmer Brothers Brewery^[18]
• 99.77% of Harbin Brewery^[19]

[edit] Beverage products

Main article: Anheuser-Busch brands

Anheuser-Busch’s best known beers include brands such as Budweiser, Busch, Michelob, Bud Light, and Natural Light. The company also produces more than 100 beers, import beers, specialty beers, nonalcoholic brews, malt liquors ( such as King Cobra and Hurricane), and flavored malt beverages (e.g. the Bacardi Silver family and Tequiza). Currently, the #1 bestselling beer in America is Bud Light.^[20]
The company introduced a flavored 12% abv malt liquor under the name Spykes in 2007. It was sold in colorful, 2-ounce bottles. Available flavors included mango, lime, melon and chocolate.^[21] It was withdrawn in the same year after criticism from alcohol industry watchdog groups that it was being marketed to underage customers, and the Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau found that the labeling of Spykes was illegal.^[22][23][24]

[edit] Brands imported and distributed

In addition to brewing its own beer, Anheuser-Busch is responsible for the importation and distribution in the U.S. of a number of international beers.^[25] These include Czechvar (known as Budvar in Europe) from the Czech Republic, Kirin from Japan, Bass Ale and Boddingtons from England, Beck’s from Germany, and Hoegaarden, Leffe, and Stella Artois from Belgium.

[edit] Advertising

Anheuser-Busch Clydesdale at Busch Gardens in Williamsburg, Virginia.

A pre-1911 “shorty” reefer bears an advertisement for Anheuser-Busch’s Malt Nutrine tonic. The product was discontinued in 1942.

1898 magazine ad for Malt-Nutrine.

Prior to its acquisition by InBev, the company was known in the United States for its advertising presence, including a sports marketing division which creates advertising material for the Super Bowl and many other sporting events. Budweiser has sponsored horse racing events and motor sports including NASCAR and the “Budweiser King” championship top fuel dragster of Kenny Bernstein.
Busch television campaigns have included:^{[citation needed]}

• Clydesdales, used both at liberty and being driven in harness, such as:
  • The Budweiser Clydesdales pulling traditional beer wagons
  • The traditional holiday spot featuring the Clydesdales pulling a sleigh through a snowy town, concluding with a closeup of a wreath on a door.
  • Clydesdales playing football (with a couple cowboys as the audience, and a zebra for a referee)
  • A donkey that thinks he’s a horse and wants to be one of the Budweiser Clydesdales
  • A Clydesdale foal, who dreams of making the hitch, pretending to pull the beer wagon, which is secretly being pushed from behind by his Clydesdale parents.
• Dalmatians, also associated with the traditional Budweiser Clydesdale iconography
• The “Gimme a light” spots;
• “You can call me Ray, or you can call me Jay” (as referenced in Being There and The Simpsons)
• Frogs saying “Bud-weis-er.” The ad campaign later spawned additional characters: Louie and Frankie the chameleons and an inept ferret hit man.
• The annual Bud Bowl.
• The “Waazzzup” series.
• The “Real American Heroes/Real Men of Genius” series of humorous radio and television ads.
• In the past they have marketed their beer through the name NASCAR Busch Series and on Dale Earnhardt Jr’s #8 Chevy Monte Carlo. Currently they sponsor Kasey Kahne’s #9 Dodge Charger as well as numerous campaigns in the NHRA such as The Big Bud Shootout at the US Nationals and major sponsorship with Kenny Bernstein Racing
• Bud Man is an advertising character for Budweiser beer. He is a superhero and appears on many products aimed at coeds on University campuses. He also inspired Duffman, a character on The Simpsons.
• In the UK when Budweiser became the sponsor of the Premiership football league, a humorous series of ads involved the subsequent (fictional) ‘Americanisation’ of the game, including such ideas as giving the teams more exciting names (The Portsmouth Pirates) and the merging of longtime rival teams Manchester City and Manchester United into one Team Manchester, all with the tagline “you do the football, we’ll do the beer”. A-B is sponsor of the St Louis (formerly Busch) Soccer Club and, until 2009, owned the Anheuser-Busch Center in suburban Fenton. The latter has a 10,000-seat soccer park that hosts the Missouri state championships. The facilities are now owned and operated by the St. Louis Athletica women’s professional soccer team. The professional team plays there, along with area club and high school teams.
• Current television commercials use the slogan “King of Beers.”
• A widely-known “This Bud’s for you” ad campaign

The company has long been known for its jingles. A few of them are:^{[citation needed]}

• “Here Comes the King” – heard annually over Christmas ads featuring Clydesdales
• “When You Say Budweiser, You’ve Said It All”
• “Cub Fan, Bud Man” – a Blues Brothers homage (based on their version of “Soul Man“) done by Harry Caray for WGN-TV broadcasts of Chicago Cubs games
• “There Is a Tavern in the Town” – old song with wording changes including “Busch” instead of “wine”
• “Under the Anheuser Bush” (an early 1900s popular recording)

Since the acquisition by InBev, significant changes in advertising plans have been rolled out, predicated on the belief that “changing demographics and media habits no longer require spending as much on mainstream sports events”:^[3]

• A-B is cutting its television advertising budget for the U.S. broadcast of the 2010 Winter Olympics and the 2012 Summer Olympics and “won’t seek to be the exclusive beer advertiser” for those events
• dropping Omnicom Group‘s Goodby, Silverstein & Partners, and other advertising agencies “responsible for some of its best-known past ads”
• paying by the project rather than an annual lump sum
• reducing the annual number of new advertisements from 100 to 50-60.

[edit] Environmental record

In 2002, the Political Economy Research Institute ranked Anheuser–Busch 40th among the “Toxic 100,” a list of U.S. corporations most responsible for air pollution. The study found that Anheuser–Busch released 1,002,786 kg (2,213,657 lbs) of toxic pollutants annually into the air.^[26] This is mainly because large amounts of CO₂ are released during the process of fermentation.
Anheuser-Busch has received numerous awards for its efforts to reduce its impact on the environment.^[27] In 1995 Anheuser-Busch’s Baldwinsville brewery won an award for pollution prevention from the New York Governor for its use of a “comprehensive, energy-producing pollution-prevention system – bioenergy recovery – to treat wastewater from the brewing process.” The brewery also reduced solid waste by nearly 70 percent from 1990 to 1994. In addition, the Baldwinsville brewery found markets for previous “waste” materials used in the fermentation of Anheuser-Busch beers.^[28] The Anheuser-Busch Recycling Corp. recycled more than 27 billion cans in 2006, a number far greater than what was used in its own packaging. Similarly, Anheuser-Busch has set short-term goals to reduce energy consumption 5% and increasing use of renewable fuel from 8 to 15% by 2010. Along with these goals, Anheuser-Busch has succeeded in cutting down its water use by 3 % since 2002.^[29] Anheuser-Busch is investigating several other renewable energy possibilities such as biomass, wind, solar, and landfill gas as a fuel to reduce the company’s environmental impact. The Corporation has also made commitments to decrease its greenhouse gas emissions “by 5 percent from its 2005 baseline by 2010 as part of its membership in the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s Climate Leaders program.”^[30]
The brewery also operates an environmental outreach program to encourage recycling, energy conservation, and habitat preservation, as well as to prevent littering and water pollution.^[31] For past 18 years Anheuser-Busch employees have participated in “Green Week”, which focuses on environmental conservation education for employees and their families.^[30]
Anheuser-Busch states they do not use animal derived products, artificial ingredients, additives or preservatives at any stage of the brewing process or as part of the packaging in any of their range.^{[citation needed]} All Anheuser-Busch beers are brewed using water, yeast, barley malt, hops, and additional cereal grains. Anheuser-Busch eliminates the need for isinglass finings by settling and removing particles before fermentation. The beechwood aging process also helps to attract and remove yeast from the brew before the lagering process has ended.^[32][33] This only applies to the beers the company brews itself.

[edit] Additional subsidiaries

Anheuser-Busch subsidiaries include:^[34]

• Anheuser-Busch Agricultural Operations: Produces and enhances the incoming quality of raw materials for the company’s beers.
• St. Louis Refrigerated Car Co.: Manages rail/truck transload operation and other properties in St. Louis. This subsidiary was established on February 3, 1878 as Anheuser-Busch’s first subsidiary to facilitate large-scale distribution of the company’s products via the U.S. rail network as part of A-B’s decision to promote Budweiser as a nationwide beer brand.
• Manufacturers Railway Co.: Provides terminal rail-switching services to south St. Louis industries. Its two trucking subsidiaries provide delivery of cans, bottles and outbound beer for four Anheuser-Busch breweries.
• Anheuser-Busch Recycling Corp.: One of the world’s largest recyclers of used aluminum beverage containers.
• Eagle Packaging, Inc.: Provides liner material for both the crowns and closures used in Anheuser-Busch packaging.
• Busch Properties, Inc.: Operates resort, residential and commercial properties.

[edit] Other business relationships

Owens-Illinois supplies glass bottles to many of the Anheuser-Busch breweries around the world including a brand new plant in Windsor, Colorado. Anheuser-Busch bought Longhorn Glass, a former Anchor Hocking Glass plant providing glass for the Houston Brewery, and has partnered with O-I to make glass bottles for A-B in several other cases.
Anheuser-Busch distributes Borba Skin Balance Water, Monster Energy, Lost Energy, Rumba Energy, and Icelandic Glacial spring water.^{[citation needed]}

[edit] St. Louis Cardinals

The St. Louis Cardinals baseball club were owned by Anheuser-Busch from February 20, 1953 until the club was sold to a group of private investors on March 21, 1996. Busch Memorial Stadium, paid for and built by the brewery in the mid-1960s, was recently demolished and replaced by a new ballpark. Anheuser-Busch signed an agreement for the new ballpark to retain the “Busch Stadium” name on the new building through 2025.

[edit] Wholesalers and distributors

Anheuser-Busch delivers its products to retailers through a large network of wholesalers and distributors.^[35] In the United States, there are about 800 of these;^[36] One of the largest is Hensley & Co. in Phoenix, Arizona, with yearly sales of over 20 million cases of Anheuser-Busch beers.,^[36] and whose chair is Cindy Hensley McCain, the wife of the Republican Presidential nominee for 2008, Senator John McCain of Arizona. The Gaudio family of Illinois hold the longest running wholesalers for Anheuser-Busch, dating back from 1904. Charles Gaudio started an association with Anheuser-Busch as a distributor in a southern Illinois town called Benld. Earl Gaudio, of Danville, IL celebrated 100 years of family ownership with Anheuser-Busch in 2004. He built his wholesaler in 1956. A. Gaudio, Earl’s nephew, presides over the Jacksonville, IL distributorship. When he retired from baseball after the 1968 Season, former New York Yankees and St. Louis Cardinals outfielder, Roger Maris was given a distributorship based in Gainesville, FL by August A. Busch, Jr..
The Lewis Bear Company in Pensacola, FL has records dating back to October 1891 with Anheuser-Busch, establishing the longest standing relationship between the brewer and a wholesaler. In 1991, they were recognized by Anhueser-Busch for their 100 years of continued service, and awarded a bronze eagle to signify it’s importance.

[edit] Corporate leadership

Dave Peacock is the current president and CEO of Anheuser-Busch Companies (2008–2009).^[20] Luiz Fernando Edmond is the Zone President for Anheuser-Busch InBev’s North American Zone (Peacock reports to him). He was appointed by InBev to head the zone in 2008 and came to St. Louis from South America.
A chronology of past corporate leaders (President and CEO) is as follows:

• 1860–1880 Eberhard Anheuser predecessor company E. Anheuser & Co.
• 1880–1913 Adolphus Busch incorporated Anheuser-Busch in 1875
• 1913–1934 August A. Busch, Sr.
• 1934–1946 Adolphus Busch III
• 1946–1971 August A. “Gussie” Busch, Jr.
• 1971–1974 Richard A. Meyer
• 1974–2002 August A. Busch III
• 2002–2006 Patrick Strokes
• 2006–2008 August A. Busch IV
• 2008–2008 Dave Peacock
• 2008–present Luiz Fernando Edmond

Anheuser-Busch brands

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search

Anheuser-Busch, a wholly owned subsidiary of Anheuser-Busch InBev, is the largest brewing company in the United States, with a market share of 49.2%.^[1] The company operates 12 breweries in the United States and nearly 20 in other countries. Brands include Budweiser, Busch, Michelob, Bud Light, and Natural Light.

Contents [show] 1 Budweiser 1.1 Bud Light 1.2 Bud 1.3 Budweiser Select 1.3.1 Budweiser Select 55 1.4 Bud Ice 1.5 Bud Ice Light 1.6 Budweiser Brew Masters’ Private Reserve 1.7 Bud Dry 1.8 Bud Silver 1.9 Bud Extra 1.10 Budweiser/Bud Light Chelada 1.11 Budweiser American Ale 1.12 Budweiser NA 1.13 Bud Light Lime 1.14 Bud Light Golden Wheat 1.15 Budweiser 66 2 Michelob 2.1 Brand variations 2.2 Shock Top 2.3 Marketing 3 Busch 4 Rolling Rock 5 Natural 6 Land Shark Lager 7 Malt liquors 7.1 King Cobra 7.2 Hurricane 8 Others 8.1 Tequiza 9 Minority ownership brands 10 Craft Distribution Alliances 11 References 12 External links

[edit] Budweiser

Main article: Budweiser (Anheuser-Busch)

Bud bottle next to Czech Budweiser in Turkey

Budweiser is a 5% abv pale lager introduced in 1876 by Adolphus Busch and has become one of the best selling beers in the United States.^[2] It is made with up to 30% rice in addition to hops and barley malt.^[3] Budweiser is produced in various breweries located around the United States and the rest of the world. It is a filtered beer available in draught and packaged forms. Lower strength versions are distributed in regions with restrictive alcohol laws.

[edit] Bud Light

Budweiser’s flagship light beer with 4.2% ABV and 110 calories per 12 ounce serving.

[edit] Bud

A version of Budweiser available in Europe. See Budweiser trademark dispute.

[edit] Budweiser Select

Budweiser Select, or Bud Select is a light pale lager that contains 4.3% ABV and 99 calories per 12 ounce serving.^[4] Anheuser-Busch has aggressively promoted Budweiser Select. Its slogan was “The Real Deal”. The company hired Jay-Z as a spokesman for the brand.

[edit] Budweiser Select 55

A version of Budweiser Select that contains 55 calories per 12 ounce serving is “a direct counterstrike to Miller’s MGD 64” according to Annheuser-Busch officials. Budweiser currently claims that it is the lightest beer in the world. The calories in both Miller’s MGD 64 and Budweiser’s Select 55 have been reduced simply by lowering the fermentables content. MGD 64 has only 2.8% alcohol content and some Select 55 states “alcohol content not more than 3.2% by weight/ 4% by volume”, possibly to allow its sale in areas where that is the limit. The actual alcohol content of “55” is reported to be 2.4% abv; by comparison, most beers have around 5%.

[edit] Bud Ice

Introduced in 1994 as “Ice by Budweiser“, it has more alcohol (5.5% ABV) than Budweiser. It is best known for an advertising campaign that involved a malevolent penguin that stalked Bud Ice drinkers and stole their beer.
Bud Ice contains 5.5% Alcohol by volume and is cheaper than most Budweiser products.

[edit] Bud Ice Light

Bud Ice Light contains 5.0% ABV and 115 calories. It undergoes fractional freezing, which Bud Light does not undergo. As of 2010 it is discontinued.

[edit] Budweiser Brew Masters’ Private Reserve

Budweiser Brew Masters’ Private Reserve is an all-malt lager with a honey color and robust taste. It is based on a Budweiser brewmaster holiday tradition of collecting the richest part of the brew as it is tapped to the brew kettles to toast the holiday season.”^[5]

[edit] Bud Dry

Bud Dry was introduced nationally in the U.S. in April 1989^[6] with the slogan of “Why ask why? Try Bud Dry.” It was originally successful in test markets and was expected to be a popular beer with the rise in light lager popularity. However, after the introduction of Bud Ice in 1994, Bud Dry wasn’t heavily marketed.

[edit] Bud Silver

An attempt to appeal to the tastes of beer drinkers in the United Kingdom, this specially brewed beer contains 4.1% alcohol by volume.

[edit] Bud Extra

A beer with caffeine, ginseng, guarana and alcohol. It contains 6.6% ABV as indicated on the label. It was marketed as a caffeinated malt beverage, similar to Sparks. On June 26, 2008, Anheuser-Busch announced that it would remove the caffeine and guarana from the beverage in response to concerns that the product was being marketed to consumers under the age of 21.

[edit] Budweiser/Bud Light Chelada

A blend of Budweiser or Bud Light and Clamato. This beverage became available nationally in late 2007.^{[citation needed]}

[edit] Budweiser American Ale

American Ale debuted in September 2008. The beer claims to offer complex taste without much bitterness. Budweiser American Ale has a distinctive hoppier flavor than other Anheuser-Busch beers, in an attempt to capture some of the American craft beer market, although most American craft beers are hoppier still. Budweiser American Ale is the first beer under the Budweiser name that is brewed as an ale (brewed with top-fermenting yeast) rather than a lager. The beer’s darker color is a departure from the other Budweiser brands.

[edit] Budweiser NA

Non-alcoholic version of Budweiser developed for the Middle Eastern market. Also available in Green Apple and Tropical Fruits versions.

[edit] Bud Light Lime

Bud Light with lime flavor added. It has 116 calories. Released in May 2008.

[edit] Bud Light Golden Wheat

On October 5, 2009 Budweiser officially released Bud Light Golden Wheat, a response to the increase in the amount of golden wheat obtained from craft brewers around the country. This beer has 118 calories, 8.3 grams of carbohydrates and 4.1% alcohol by volume. It is an American version of the hefeweizen wheat which is based on German hefeweizen style beers. German wheat beers are also referred to as weizen (“wheat”) aka hefeweisen beers.

[edit] Budweiser 66

Budweiser Brew No. 66 is a 4% alcohol by volume lager that is brewed and distributed in the United Kingdom by InBev UK Limited. Launched in July 2010, Budweiser 66 is the newest member of the Budweiser family of beers with only 66 calories.

[edit] Michelob

Michelob ULTRA on a supermarket shelf

Michelob is a 5% abv pale lager developed by Adolphus Busch in 1896 as a “draught beer for connoisseurs”.^[7] It was named after Michelob, a Bohemian village near Saaz, in the region famous for its Saaz hops. In 1961, Anheuser-Busch produced a pasteurized version of Michelob which allowed legal shipment of the beer across state lines. Bottled beer began to be shipped soon after, and the brand was introduced in cans in 1966. Bottled Michelob was originally sold in a uniquely-shaped bottle named the teardrop bottle because it resembled a water droplet. The teardrop bottle was awarded a medal from the Institute of Design in 1962. Five years later the bottle was redesigned for efficiency in the production line, and later it was abandoned for a standard bottle. The teardrop bottle was used again from January 2007 to October 2008.

[edit] Brand variations

The company introduced Michelob Light in 1978. Michelob Classic Dark, was made available in 1981 in kegs, with a bottled version following three years later. In 1991, Michelob Golden Draft was introduced to compete against Miller Genuine Draft in the Midwest.
1997 saw the introduction of several specialty beers under the Michelob marquee. These include:

• Michelob Honey Lager
• Michelob Pale Ale
• Michelob Marzen
• Michelob Pumpkin Spice Ale
• Michelob Winter’s Bourbon Cask Ale

AmberBock is a 5.2% abv amber lager which uses roasted black barley malt in the ingredients, and which received a World Beer Cup Bronze Medal in 1998.
From the beginning, the specialty beers have had a very limited distribution. The chief outlet has been through a “holiday sampler pack” produced during the Christmas holiday season. Other specialty beers that are no longer in production include Michelob Hefeweizen and Michelob Black & Tan. Some (notably Michelob AmberBock) have subsequently gone into larger production, while others have not. The brewery continues to experiment with specialty beers—in 2005 an oak-aged vanilla beer was sold under the Michelob logo, available in single pints. In 2006 Michelob added a chocolate beer to the oak-aged vanilla Celebrate holiday season beer released a year earlier. Michelob also brewed Michelob Bavarian Style Wheat and Michelob Porter for its “holiday sampler pack”. In 2007, Michelob launched its Seasonal Specialty Line. These include:

• Michelob Bavarian Wheat (summer)
• Michelob Marzen (fall)
• Michelob Porter (winter)
• Michelob Pale Ale (spring)

The early 21st century saw in the U.S. a demand for diet beer similar to that of the early 1970s, and in 2002 the Michelob line responded with the introduction of Michelob Ultra, advertised as being low in carbohydrates. Later Michelob Ultra Amber, a darker, more flavorful beer, was added to this sub-line.
Michelob 5 % alcohol; Michelob Golden Draft 4.7 % alcohol; Michelob Golden Draft Light 4.3 % alcohol; Michelob Ultra 4.2 % alcohol; Michelob Ultra Amber 5 % alcohol; Michelob: ULTRA Lime Cactus A fruit-infused light pilsner with natural lime flavor and a floral essence derived from the cactus; Michelob: ULTRA Pomegranate Raspberry A pilsner with a berry aroma, raspberry flavor, and a hint of pomegranate; Michelob: ULTRA Tuscan Orange Grapefruit A pilsner with fresh juicy orange notes and a slight pink-grapefruit finish.
All fruit flavors have the following nutrition content: 107 calories, 6.0g carbs, 0.5g protein and 0.0g fat, per 12 oz bottle.

[edit] Shock Top

Shock Top is a 5.2% abv Belgian-style wheat ale introduced under the name Spring Heat Spiced Wheat as a seasonal beer in 2006, then all year from 2007.^[8][9] The beer is brewed with wheat malt, two-row barley, orange, lemon, lime peel, coriander and Cascade and Willamette hops. Entering as the Spring Heat Spiced Wheat, Shock Top Belgian White won gold and bronze medals in the Belgian Wit (White) category at the 2006 and 2007 North American Beer Awards, respectively.^[10]

[edit] Marketing

Advertisements for Michelob Ultra feature people engaged in sporting activities. The golf tournament, Michelob ULTRA Open at Kingsmill and Michelob Ultra Futures Players Championship, are sponsored by Michelob Ultra. Michelob Ultra serves as a presenting sponsor of the Tour of Missouri and sponsors the King of the Mountains jersey. Michelob also sponsors the Rugby Super League, and many of its teams have shirt sponsorships with its AmberBock brand. PGA Tour player Sergio García is sponsored by Michelob. Seven-time Tour de France winner Lance Armstrong signed on October 6, 2009 a three-year agreement to become Michelob Ultra’s new spokesperson and ambassador.
Michelob sponsored several episodes of the Diggnation podcast. The hosts, Kevin Rose and Alex Albrecht, sampled the beer during the show and several episodes included interviews with the company’s head brew-master to discuss the different products that can be found in the sampler packs. Also, an episode of the show was filmed inside the Michelob brewery.

[edit] Busch

Busch Beer, a 4.7% abv economy brand pale lager was introduced in 1955 as Busch Bavarian Beer;^[11] the brand name was changed in 1979 to Busch Beer.^[12] Other beers marketed under the Busch brand name are Busch Light, a 4.1% pale lager introduced in 1989, Busch Ice, a 5.9% ice beer introduced in 1995,^[13] and Busch NA. Ingredients are a mix of American-grown and imported hops and a combination of malt and corn.^[14]

[edit] Rolling Rock

Main article: Rolling Rock

Rolling Rock is a 4.5% abv pale lager launched in 1939 by the Latrobe Brewing Company. In May, 2006, Anheuser-Busch purchased the Rolling Rock brand from InBev for $82 million and began brewing Rolling Rock at its Newark facility in mid July, 2006.^[15] Other pale lagers marketed under the Rolling Rock brand name are Rock Green Light, 3.7% abv, and Rock Light, 3.5%; the company also produces a 5% abv amber lager, Rolling Rock Red. Ingredients are pale barley malt, rice, corn and hops.^[16]

[edit] Natural

Natural Light is an economy brand 4.2% abv reduced-calorie pale lager introduced in 1977.^[17] Ingredients are malt and corn, and American and imported hops. In 2008, Natural Light received a Bronze Medal in the World Beer Cup in the American Style Light-Lager category, and The Wall Street Journal listed it as the fifth largest selling beer in the U.S.^[18] Natural Ice is an economy brand 5.9% abv ice beer, introduced in 1995.

[edit] Land Shark Lager

Land Shark Lager, brewed in Jacksonville Florida, is a 4.7% abv pale lager launched in 2006 as the house lager for “Jimmy Buffett’s Margaritaville” restaurant chain. Under a sponsorship deal, Dolphin Stadium, home of the Miami Dolphins, Florida Marlins, and the Miami Hurricanes was renamed “Land Shark Stadium” for the 2009 football season. The contract ended in early 2010, and the stadium has since been renamed “Sun Life Stadium” as of January 18, 2010 in time for both the 2010 NFL Pro Bowl and Super Bowl XLIV.^[19][20][21] Jimmy Buffett‘s song “Fins” is about “sharks that can swim on the land,” (in reference to men in a beach town trying to woo a vacationing woman) while the landshark is a recurring character portrayed by Chevy Chase in the TV show Saturday Night Live.

[edit] Malt liquors

[edit] King Cobra

King Cobra logo

King Cobra is a 6% abv malt liquor introduced in 1984. It is brewed with a warmer fermentation than used for the company’s pale lagers, and the ingredients include barley malt and corn.^[22]

[edit] Hurricane

Hurricane

Hurricane High Gravity Lager is an 8.1% alcohol malt liquor beverage available primarily in the United States. It is available in 40 ounce bottles, as well as 12, 16 & 24 ounce cans. Recently, Hurricane High Gravity 8.1% has gone from a Black Label to a Silver Label in all of its serving sizes.

[edit] Others

• Green Valley Brewing Company AKA Crooked Creek ‘craft beer’ appearance, Anheuser-Busch does not appear on label.
• Tilt
• Ziegenbock “Brewed exclusively for Texas”

[edit] Tequiza

Tequiza was a 4,5% abv fruit flavoured pale lager introduced in 1998 in limited markets in the USA, then withdrawn in January 2009.^[23] Tequiza Extra, with more Tequila flavour and less lime, was tried out in 2000.

[edit] Minority ownership brands

• Red Hook Brewing
• Widmer Brothers Brewery
• Grupo Modelo

[edit] Craft Distribution Alliances

• Goose Island Brewery
• Kona Brewing Company
• Fordham Brewing Company
• Old Dominion Brewing Company

Miller Brewing Company

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Miller Brewing Company

Industry	Alcoholic beverage
Founded	1855
Headquarters	Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
Products	Beer
Owner(s)	SABMiller
Website	http://www.millercoors.com/

Miller Brewing Company merged with Coors Brewing Company on July 1, 2008, to become MillerCoors. Prior to the joint venture, Miller Brewing was the second largest brewing company in the United States behind Anheuser-Busch and was based in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States. It was owned by SABMiller. Miller owns breweries in Albany, Georgia; Chippewa Falls, Wisconsin; Eden, North Carolina; Fort Worth, Texas; Irwindale, California; Milwaukee, Wisconsin and Trenton, Ohio, all of which have remained open since the MillerCoors joint venture.^[1]

Contents [show] 1 History 2 Current brands 2.1 Miller family 2.2 Retired Brands 2.3 Hamm’s Family 2.4 Plank Road Brewery Family 2.5 Logos 3 References 4 External links

[edit] History

Miller Brewing Company was founded in 1855 by Frederick Miller when he purchased the small Plank-Road Brewery. The brewery‘s location in the Menomonee Valley provided easy access to raw materials produced on nearby farms.
On September 19, 1966, the conglomerate W.R. Grace & Co. agreed to buy 53% of Miller from Mrs. Lorraine John Mulberger (Frederick Miller’s granddaughter, who objected to alcohol) and her family. On June 12, 1969, Philip Morris (now Altria) bought Miller from W.R. Grace for US$130 million, outbidding PepsiCo. On May 30, 2002, it was acquired by South African Breweries from Philip Morris for US$3.6 billion worth of stock and US$2 billion in debt, to form SABMiller; with Philip Morris retaining a 36% share at that time, with voting rights of 24.99%.
On August 14, 2006, Miller Brewing announced it had completed the purchase of Sparks and Steel Reserve brands from McKenzie River Corporation for US$215 million cash. [2] Miller had been producing both products prior to this purchase.^[2]
On October 9, 2007, SABMiller and Molson Coors agreed to combine their U.S. operations in a joint venture called MillerCoors. SABMiller is to own 58% of the unit, which is to operate in the U.S. and Puerto Rico but not Canada, where Molson Coors is strongest. Molson Coors is to own 42%, but the parties are to have equal voting power.^[3][4]

[edit] Current brands

[edit] Miller family

• Miller Lite—Miller’s brand of light beer.
• Miller Genuine Draft—Miller Genuine Draft (MGD) was introduced in 1985 as the original cold filtered packaged draft beer, which means that the beer is not heat pasteurized. Miller uses an exclusive cold-filtered process that prevents some of the beer’s flavor from being heated away. MGD received the gold medal in the American-style Premium Lager category at the 1999 World Beer Cup. It also received the silver medal at the 2003 American Beer Festival. The concept for cold-filtered Miller Genuine Draft was developed by new product consultant Calle & Company. Martin Calle evolved the concept from Miller’s New Ventures effort to launch a new dry beer at a time Miller Brewing was in danger of becoming a much-cloned Lite Beer manufacturer. Originally introduced as “Miller High Life Genuine Draft”, the “High Life” part of the name was soon dropped. MGD is actually made from the same recipe as Miller High Life, with a different treatment. It was developed to give High Life drinkers the same taste in a can or bottle as they found in non-pasteurized kegs. It has 4.7% abv.^[5]
• Miller Genuine Draft 64—A lighter version of the regular Miller Genuine Draft Light with a 2.8% abv, also known as “MGD 64”. It contains 64 calories per twelve-ounce serving. Until recently, no other beer on the market had fewer calories, although Becks Premier Light also has 64 calories. In late summer of 2009 Budweiser launched Budweiser Select 55 in response to Miller’s popular MGD 64. Miller launched this beer in the summer of 2007 in Madison, Wisc. It was received favorably and testing expanded to Arizona, San Diego and Sacramento. ^[6]
• Miller High Life—This beer was put on the market in 1903 and is Miller Brewing’s oldest brand. High Life is grouped under the pilsner category of beers and is 4.7% ABV.^[5] The prevailing slogan on current packaging is “The Champagne of Beers”, an adaptation of its long standing slogan “The Champagne of Bottle Beers”. Accordingly, this beer is noted for its high level of carbonation, making it a very bubble-filled beverage, like champagne. It was originally available in miniature champagne bottles and was one of the premier high-end beers in the country for many years. Except for a brief period in the 1990s, High Life bottles have always been quite distinctive, as they have a bright gold label and are made of a clear glass that has a tapered neck like a champagne bottle. High Life has brought back its “Girl in the Moon” logo, which features by today’s standards a modestly dressed young lady that, by legend, is company founder Frederick Miller’s granddaughter. The “Girl in the Moon” logo was originally painted in the early 1900’s by an unknown artist and has since been re-painted by Nebraskan artist Mike Hagel, who added his own unique touch to it.^[7] High Life beat out 17 other contestants to take home the gold medal in “American-style Lagers” category at the 2002 World Beer Cup. High Life has enjoyed a resurgence recently, using its humorous “Take Back the High Life” campaign—which features a common sense-wielding deliveryman removing beer from non-High Life locations—to position the brand as “a good honest beer at a tasty price.”
• Miller High Life Light—A version of the Miller High Life but approximately the same nutritional content as the Miller Genuine Draft Light. It has 4.2% ABV.^[5]
• Miller Chill—A chelada-style 4.2% abv^[5] pale lager brewed with lime and salt. Introduced successfully in 2007, sales dropped in 2008 after the launch of the rival Bud Light Lime. ^[8]
• Miller Midnight—This beer uniquely combines dark roasted and light crystal malts with caramel flavour for a distinctive refreshing taste. Getting this balance right was an important part of the two year development process, led by Ronda Dannenberg and Jackie Lauman, specialists at Miller’s flagship brewery in Milwaukee. Color, aroma, taste, and finish were all carefully considered. The is a deep and distinguished dark colour contrasting with a surprisingly fresh, light taste. It is available in 330ml and 500ml bottles. Released in November of 2008 this beer is available only in Russia. It has 5.2% ABV.^{[citation needed]}
• Sharp’s—Miller’s non-alcoholic beer.
• Frederick Miller Classic Chocolate Lager—A beer for the holiday season released October through December in Wisconsin, Chicago, Minneapolis, Cleveland, Indianapolis and northwest Indiana. It is brewed with six different malts, including chocolate and dark chocolate malts. [3]
• Mickey’s—Mickey’s is Miller’s “Fine Malt Liquor.” It is 5.6% abv.^[5]
• Olde English 800-Malt liquor. It is 5.9% abv in the eastern United States, 7.5% abv in most western U.S. states and 8.0% abv in Canada.
• Milwaukee’s Best—Miller’s economy label. It is 4.3% ABV, and commonly referred to as “The Beast”^[5]
• Milwaukee’s Best Light—Miller’s light economy label. Also, it was the main sponsor of the 2008 World Series of Poker. It is 4.2% abv. and commonly referred to as “Beast Light”^[5]
• Milwaukee’s Best Ice— Miller’s economy “Ice” beer. It is 5.9% ABV. and commonly referred to as “Beast Ice” or “the Yeti”.^[5]
• Magnum Malt Liquor

[edit] Retired Brands

• Miller Lite Ice—A limited distribution ice beer valued for low bitterness, as well as for the naturally higher abv content (5.5%) of an ice beer. In this form, it is now only found in select markets in Michigan.
• Miller Gold—A limited edition version of Miller Genuine Draft containing 5.7% abv.
• Miller 1855 Celebration Lager—The 1855 Celebration Lager was released in November 2005 to recognize the 150th anniversary of Miller Brewing. It was only available for a limited time.
• Miller—A short-lived recipe from 1996 to 1998, sold in a predominantly red can (hence, aka “Miller Red”).

[edit] Hamm’s Family

The Miller Brewery complex in Milwaukee, WI

Miller bought the rights to the Hamm’s Brewery brands.

• Hamm’s Beer winner of the 2007 Gold Medal for American-Style Lager and the 2010 Gold Medal for American-Style Specialty Lager or Cream Ale or Lager at the Great American Beer Festival
• Hamm’s Golden Draft
• Hamm’s Special Light

[edit] Plank Road Brewery Family

This division is named for the 19th-century name for Wisconsin Avenue in Milwaukee (formerly known for its full length outside of Milwaukee as the Watertown Plank Road), where the main Miller brewery has been located since its founding.

• Icehouse – Icehouse is an ice lager and was the winner of the 2003 and 2007 Gold Medals for American-Style Specialty Lager at the Great American Beer Festival, and also won the American-style Ice Lager Gold Cup of the 1996 and 1998 World Beer Cup competitions.^{[citation needed]}
• Red Dog – Although popular during the mid- to late-1990s, Red Dog faded into near obscurity after the turn of the century. However, since 2005 it has been making a comeback of sorts, returning to stores.^{[citation needed]}
• SouthPaw Light – SouthPaw beer has a set of characteristics that are unique among the mass-produced beers in the U.S. Southpaw is labeled as a light beer, but it has the alcohol content of a regular beer. It has a strong hops flavor compared with other light Pilsner style beers. It also has unique labeling and marketing.^{[citation needed]}

[edit] Logos

Miller Genuine Draft

[edit] References

Iomega

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Iomega

Type	Subsidiary
Industry	Computer
Founded	1980
Headquarters	San Diego, California, USA
Products	Computer storage
Employees	450[1]
Parent	EMC Corporation
Website	Iomega’s Website

Iomega is a producer of consumer external, portable and networking storage hardware. Established in the 1980s, Iomega has sold more than 410 million digital storage drives and disks. Purchased by EMC in June 2008, Iomega has become the SOHO/SMB arm of the world’s largest storage company.
On April 8, 2008, EMC Corporation announced^[2] its plans to acquire Iomega for a consideration of US$213M. The acquisition was completed in June 2008^[3].

Contents [show] 1 Products 2 Timeline[4] 3 Controversy 4 See also 5 References 6 External links

[edit] Products

Current Products:
Iomega’s product portfolio includes industry leading network attached storage products, external hard drives, multimedia drives, and removable storage technology, the REV® Backup Drive:

• StorCenter Network Attached Storage Servers, powered by EMC LifeLine
• ScreenPlay Media Players
• Prestige Hard Drives
• eGo Hard Drives
• Iomega UltraMax Hard Drives
• MiniMax Hard Drives
• Iomega REV

Hard drives connect to the computer via USB 2.0, SuperSpeed USB 3.0, Firewire 400, FireWire 800, or eSATA depending on the model.

Legacy Products:
Iomega designed and manufactured a range of products designed to compete with and ultimately replace the 3.5″ Floppy Disk. Some of these products came very close to this goal whilst also achieving status in their own right as highly collectable items.

• Bernoulli Box
• Zip Drive
• Jaz Drive
• Iomega Ditto
• Iomega Pocket Zip drive

Initial Iomega products connected to a computer via SCSI or Parallel port. Later models used USB & FireWire (1394).

[edit] Timeline^[4]

1980

April 2, Iomega Founded

1982

Released First Bernoulli Drive (10MB)

1995

January, Shipped Ditto Tape Drive

March, Released Zip 100MB Drive

December, Shipped Jaz 1GB Drive

1997

June, Announced Buz Multimedia Producer

November, Unveiled Clik! 40MB Drive

1998

February, Shipped Jaz 2GB Drive

December, Shipped Zip 250MB Drive

1999

Shipped First Internal CD-RW Drive

2000

September, Launched HipZip Digital Audio Player

October, Shipped FotoShow Digital Image Center

December, Shipped First External CD-RW Drive

2001

January, Announced Peerless Drive System

March, Shipped DataSafe Network Attached Storage (NAS) Server

2002

April, Announced Portable and External Hard Drive Family

August, Shipped Zip 750MB Drive

November, Launched USB Mini Flash Drive

2003

March, Launched iStorage Online Storage

March, Announced External Floppy Drive

June, Announced first DVD-RW drive

June, Shipped 50 millonth Zip drive

November, Introduced Super DVD QuikTouch

2004

February, Shipped CD-RW/DVD-ROM 7-in-1 Card Reader

April, Shipped REV 35GB Drive

April, Shipped Floppy Plus 7-in-1 Card Reader

September, Introduced Wireless NAS Server

October, Introduced REV Autoloader 1000

2005

November, Announced ScreenPlay Multimedia Drive

2006

September, Introduced desktop RAID storage

2008

January, Announced eGo Portable Hard Drive

April, EMC acquired Iomega

April, Announced ScreenPlay HD Multimedia Drive

May, Announced eGo Desktop Hard Drive

August, Introduced ScreenPlay TV Link Multimedia Adapter

September, Announced the new eGo Helium Portable Hard Drive

October, Announced StorCenter ix2

October, Announced ScreenPlay Pro HD Multimedia Drive

2009

January, Shipped Iomega Home Media Network Hard Drive

February, Announced StorCenter ix4-100 Server

April, Ships the StorCenter ix4-200r NAS

May, New Generation of eGo Portable Hard Drives

August, Announced StorCenter ix4-200d NAS

October, Announced StorCenter ix2-200

2010

January, Shipped Iomega iConnect Wireless Data Station

January, Announced ScrenPlay Media Player, Director Edition

January, Announced v.Clone Technology: Take your PC Virtually Anywhere

April, Iomega celebrates 30 years

May, Announced StorCenter ix12-300r NAS

June, Introduced Skin Hard Drive by Iomega

United Nations Conference on Trade and Development Group of 77 (G-77)

United Nations Conference on Trade and Development

The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) was established in 1964 as a permanent intergovernmental body. It is the principal organ of the United Nations General Assembly dealing with trade, investment, and development issues.

The organization’s goals are to “maximize the trade, investment and development opportunities of developing countries and assist them in their efforts to integrate into the world economy on an equitable basis.” (from official website). The creation of the conference was based on concerns of developing countries over the international market, multi-national corporations, and great disparity between developed nations and developing nations.

In the 1970s and 1980s, UNCTAD was closely associated with the idea of a New International Economic Order (NIEO).

The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development was established in 1964 in order to provide a forum where the developing countries could discuss the problems relating to their economic development. UNCTAD grew from the view that existing institutions like GATT (now replaced by the WTO), the IMF , and World Bank were not properly organized to handle the particular problems of developing countries. UNCTAD has 193 members.

The primary objective of the UNCTAD is to formulate policies relating to all aspects of development including trade, aid, transport, finance and technology. The Conference ordinarily meets once in four years. The first conference took place in Geneva in 1964, second in New Delhi in 1968, the third in Santiago in 1972, fourth in Nairobi in 1976, the fifth in Manila in 1979, the sixth in Belgrade in 1983, the seventh in Geneva in 1987, the eighth in Cartagena(Colombia) in 1992 and the ninth at Johannesburg (South Africa)in 1996. The Conference has its permanent secretariat in Geneva.

One of the principal achievements of UNCTAD has been to conceive and implement the Generalised System of Preferences (GSP). It was argued in UNCTAD, that in order to promote exports of manufactured goods from developing countries, it would be necessary to offer special tariff concessions to such exports. Accepting this argument, the developed countries formulated the GSP Scheme under which manufacturers’ exports and some agricultural goods from the developing countries enter duty-free or at reduced rates in the developed countries. Since imports of such items from other developed countries are subject to the normal rates of duties, imports of the same items from developing countries would enjoy a competitive advantage.

Currently, UNCTAD has 193 member States and is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland. UNCTAD has 400 staff members and an annual regular budget of approximately US$50 million and US$25 million of extra budgetary technical assistance funds.

Contents [show] 1 Meetings 2 Reports 3 Other 4 Complete List of Secretaries-General and Officers-in-Charge 5 See also 6 Notes 7 External links 8 Bibliography

[edit] Meetings

The inter-governmental work is done at 5 levels of meetings: ^[1]

• The UNCTAD Conference – held every 4 years;
  • UNCTAD XIII will be held in Doha, Qatar in 2012
  • UNCTAD XII was held in Accra, Ghana in 21–25 April 2008 [1]
  • UNCTAD XI was held in São Paulo, Brazil in 13–18 June 2004 [2]
  • UNCTAD X was held in Bangkok, Thailand in 12–19 February 2000 [3]
  • UNCTAD IX was held in Midrand, South Africa in 27 April – 11 May 1996
  • UNCTAD VIII was held in Cartagena, Colombia in 8–25 February 1992

• The UNCTAD Trade and Development Board – the Board manages the work of UNCTAD in between two Conferences and meets up to three times every year;
• Four UNCTAD Commissions and one Working Party – these meet more often than the Board in order to take up policy, programme and budgetary issues;
• Expert Meetings – the Commissions will convene expert meetings on selected topics in order to provide substantive and expert input for Commission policy discussions.

 

Group of 77

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It has been suggested that Group of 24 be merged into this article or section. (Discuss)

The Group of 77 at the United Nations is a loose coalition of developing nations, designed to promote its members’ collective economic interests and create an enhanced joint negotiating capacity in the United Nations.^[1] There were 77 founding members of the organization, but the organization has since expanded to 131 member countries. Practically speaking (as of 2010), the group can be described as comprising all of UN members (along with the Palestinian Authority), none of which is: 1. a CoE member (with the exception of Bosnia Herzegovina); nor: 2. an OECD member (with the exception of Chile); nor: 3. a CIS (full) member (with the exception of Tajikistan); nor: 4. a “mini” country (whose population size is under 50,000); nor: 5. Kiribati (whose population size is under 100,000).

The Republic of Yemen holds the Chairmanship in New York for 2010.^[2]. Argentina will hold the Chairmanship for 2011 starting in January 2011.^[3]

The group was founded on June 15, 1964 by the “Joint Declaration of the Seventy-Seven Countries” issued at the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD).^[4] The first major meeting was in Algiers in 1967, where the Charter of Algiers was adopted and the basis for permanent institutional structures was begun. There are Chapters of the Group of 77 in Rome (FAO), Vienna (UNIDO), ParisUNESCO), Nairobi (UNEP) and the Group of 24 in Washington, D.C. (IMF and World Bank).

AIG (Lion + ing(suffix)]

American International Group

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“AIG” redirects here. For other uses, see AIG (disambiguation).

American International Group, Inc.

Type	Public (NYSE: AIG) S&P 500 Component
Industry	Insurance Financial services
Founded	Shanghai, China (1919)
Founder(s)	Cornelius Vander Starr
Headquarters	American International Building New York City, New York , U.S.
Area served	Worldwide
Key people	Harvey Golub (Chairman)[1] Robert Benmosche (President and CEO)
Products	Insurance annuities Mutual funds
Revenue	▼ $96.004 billion (2009)[2]
Operating income	▼ -$13.648 billion (2009)[2]
Net income	▼ −$10.949 billion (2009)[2]
Total assets	▼ $847.585 billion (2009)[2]
Total equity	▼ $69.824 billion (2009)[2]
Employees	116,000 (2009)[2]
Website	AIG.com

American International Group, Inc. (AIG) (NYSE: AIG) is an American insurance corporation. Its corporate headquarters are located in the American International Building in New York City. The British headquarters office is on Fenchurch Street in London, continental Europe operations are based in La Défense, Paris, and its Asian headquarters office is in Hong Kong. According to the 2008 Forbes Global 2000 list, AIG was once the 18th-largest public company in the world. It was listed on the Dow Jones Industrial Average from April 8, 2004 to September 22, 2008.

AIG suffered from a liquidity crisis when its credit ratings were downgraded below “AA” levels in September 2008. The United States Federal Reserve Bank on September 16, 2008 created an $85 billion credit facility to enable the company to meet increased collateral obligations consequent to the credit rating downgrade, in exchange for the issuance of a stock warrant to the Federal Reserve Bank for 79.9% of the equity of AIG. The Federal Reserve Bank and the United States Treasury by May 2009 had increased the potential financial support to AIG, with the support of an investment of as much as $70 billion, a $60 billion credit line and $52.5 billion to buy mortgage-based assets owned or guaranteed by AIG, increasing the total amount available to as much as $182.5 billion.^[3][4] AIG subsequently sold a number of its subsidiaries and other assets to pay down loans received, and continues to seek buyers of its assets. New York state Attorney General Andrew Cuomo in 2009 stated he intended to disclose names of those receiving bonuses.^[5]

Contents

[show]

Lexus

Lexus

Type	Division
Industry	Automotive industry
Founded	1989
Founder(s)	Eiji Toyoda
Headquarters	Toyota, Aichi, Japan
Area served	Worldwide
Key people	Kazuo Ohara (MO) Vince Socco (VP, Asia Pacific) Andy Pfeiffenberger (VP, EU) Mark Templin (VP, U.S.)
Products	Automobiles
Services	Automotive financing
Parent	Toyota Motor Corporation (TYO: 7203) (NYSE: TM)
Divisions	F marque
Website	Lexus.com Lexus.co.uk Lexus.eu Lexus.jp

Lexus is the luxury vehicle division of Japanese automaker Toyota Motor Corporation. First introduced in 1989 in the United States, Lexus is now sold globally and has become Japan’s largest-selling make of premium cars. As of 2009, Lexus vehicles are officially marketed in over 70 countries and territories worldwide.^[1] The Lexus marque has ranked among the ten largest Japanese global brands in market value.^[2]Toyota, Aichi, Japan, with operational centers in Brussels, Belgium, and Torrance, California, United States. The division’s world headquarters are located in

Lexus originated from a clandestine flagship sedan project that began in 1983. This effort developed into the original Lexus LS, which was the first vehicle to wear the Lexus marque upon its launch in 1989. In following years, Lexus added sedan, coupé, convertible, and SUV models. In 2005, a hybrid version of the RXF marque performance division with the arrival of the IS F sport sedan. crossover debuted, and additional hybrid models were subsequently introduced to the Lexus lineup. In 2007, Lexus launched its

From the start of production, Lexus vehicles have been consistently produced in Japan, with manufacturing centered in the Chūbu and Kyūshū regions, and in particular at Toyota’s Tahara, Aichi, Chūbu and Miyata, Fukuoka, Kyūshū plants. Assembly of the first Lexus built outside the country, the Ontario, Canada-produced RX 330, began in 2003. Following a corporate reorganization from 2001 to 2005, Lexus also operates its own design, engineering, and manufacturing centers, solely responsible for the division’s vehicles.

Since the 2000s, Lexus has increased sales outside its largest market in the United States through an ongoing global expansion. The division inaugurated dealerships in Japan’s domestic market in 2005, becoming the first Japanese premium car marque to launch in its country of origin.^[3] Further debuts in Southeast Asia, Latin America, and other export regions have since followed. The division’s lineup has also been expanded to reflect regional specifications in model and powertrain configurations.

Abilify (Phi)(ability)

Double play on words (Phi, Ability), comp. lexapro

 Aripiprazole

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Aripiprazole

Systematic (IUPAC) name
7-{4-[4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl]butoxy}-3,4-dihydroquinolin-2(1H)-one
Identifiers
CAS number	129722-12-9
ATC code	N05AX12
PubChem	CID 60795
IUPHAR ligand ID	34
DrugBank	APRD00638
ChemSpider	54790
UNII	82VFR53I78
Chemical data
Formula	C23H27Cl2N3O2
Mol. mass	448.385
SMILES	eMolecules & PubChem
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability	87%
Protein binding	>99%
Metabolism	liver
Half-life	75h (active metabolite : 94h)
Excretion	feces and urine
Therapeutic considerations
Licence data	EU EMA:Link, US FDA:link
Pregnancy cat.	C (USA)
Legal status	℞ Prescription only
Routes	oral (via tablets, orodispersable tablets, and oral solution); intramuscular
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Aripiprazole (pronounced /ˌɛərɨˈpɪprəzoʊl/ AIR-i-PIP-rə-zohl; brand names: Abilify, Abilify Discmelt, Aripiprex) is an atypical antipsychotic and antidepressant used in the treatment of schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and clinical depression. It was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for schizophrenia on November 15, 2002, for acute manic and mixed episodes associated with bipolar disorder on October 1, 2004, as an adjunct for major depressive disorder on November 20, 2007 and to treat irritability in children with autistic disorder in children on 20 November 2009.^[1][2] Aripiprazole was developed by Otsuka in Japan, and in the United States, Otsuka America markets it jointly with Bristol-Myers Squibb.

Contents [show] 1 Indications and usage 1.1 Schizophrenia 1.2 Bipolar disorder 1.3 Major depression (Unipolar depression) 1.4 Autism 1.5 Cocaine dependency 2 Pharmacology 3 Pharmacokinetics 4 Patent status 5 Side effects 6 Overdosage 7 Drug interactions 8 Dosage forms 9 Synthesis 10 References 11 External links

[edit] Indications and usage

[edit] Schizophrenia

Aripiprazole has been approved by the FDA for the treatment of schizophrenia.^[3]

[edit] Bipolar disorder

Aripiprazole has been approved by the FDA for the treatment of acute manic and mixed episodes, in both pediatric patients aged 10–17 and in adults.^[4] Several double-blind, placebo-controlled trials support this use.^[5][6][7][8] In addition, it is often used as maintenance therapy, either on its own or in conjunction with a mood stabilizer such as lithium or valproate. This use is also supported by a handful of studies.^[9][10]haloperidol at reducing manic symptoms,^{[11][unreliable source?]} and is much better tolerated by patients.^[12] Aripiprazole is at least as effective as
Aripiprazole’s use as a monotherapy in bipolar depression is more controversial. While a few pilot studies have found some effectiveness^[13][14] (with one finding a reduction in anhedonia symptoms^[15]), two large, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies found no difference between aripiprazole and placebo.^[16] One study reported depression as a side effect of the drug.^[17]

[edit] Major depression (Unipolar depression)

In 2007, aripiprazole was approved by the FDA for the treatment of unipolar depression when used adjunctively with an antidepressant medication.^[18] It has not been FDA-approved for use as monotherapy in unipolar depression.

[edit] Autism

In 2009, the United States FDA approved Abilify to treat irritability in persons with autism.^[19] It was approved on the basis of two studies that showed it reduced aggression towards others, self-injury, quickly changing moods, irritability, and temper tantrums in autistic males and females 6–17 years of age.

[edit] Cocaine dependency

Perhaps owing to its mechanism of action relating to dopamine receptors, there is some evidence to suggest that aripiprazole blocks cocaine-seeking behaviour in animal models without significantly affecting other rewarding behaviours (such as food self-administration). ^[20]

[edit] Pharmacology

D2 Partial Agonist (Ki = 0.34 nM) D3 Antagonist (?)

5-HT1A Partial Agonist (Ki = 0.34 nM) 5-HT2A Antagonist (Ki = 0.8 nM) 5-HT2C Partial Agonist (Ki = 15 nM) 5-HT7 Antagonist (Ki = 39 nM)

SRI (?) Antihistamine (Ki = 61 nM) α-adrenergic antagonist (Ki = 57 nM) mACh receptor antagonist (?)

Aripiprazole’s mechanism of action is different from those of the other FDA-approved atypical antipsychoticsclozapine, olanzapine, quetiapine, ziprasidone, and risperidone). Rather than antagonizing the D₂ receptor, aripiprazole acts as a D₂ partial agonist (K_i = 0.34 nM).^[21][22] Aripiprazole is also a partial agonist at the 5-HT_1A receptor (K_i = 1.65 nM), and like the other atypical antipsychotics displays an antagonist profile at the 5-HT_2A receptor (K_i = 0.8 nM).^[23][24] It also antagonizes the 5-HT₇ receptor (K_i = 39 nM) and acts as a partial agonist at the 5-HT_2C receptor (K_i = 15 nM), both with high affinity. The latter action may underlie the minimal weight gain seen in the course of therapy.^[25] Aripiprazole has moderate affinity for histamine (K_i = 61 nM) and α-adrenergic (K_i = 57 nM) receptors and for the serotonin transporter, and no appreciable affinity for cholinergic muscarinic receptors.^[26] (e.g.,
D₂ and D₃ receptor occupancy levels are high, with average levels ranging between ~71% at 2 mg/day to ~96% at 40 mg/day.^[27][28] Most atypical antipsychotics bind preferentially to extrastriatal receptors, but aripiprazole appears to be less preferential in this regard, as binding rates are high throughout the brain.^[29]
Recently, it has been demonstrated that in 5-HT₇ receptor knockout mice, aripiprazole does not reduce immobility time in the forced swim test (FST), and actually increases it.^[30][31] This implicates 5-HT₇amisulpride.^[30][31][32] antagonism as playing a major role in aripiprazole’s antidepressant effects, similarly to
Aripiprazole produces 2,3-dichlorophenylpiperazine (DCPP) as a metabolite similarly to how trazodone and nefazodone reduce to 3-chlorophenylpiperazine (mCPP) and niaprazine converts to 4-fluorophenylpiperazine^[33] It is unknown whether DCPP contributes to aripiprazole’s pharmacology in any way, but the possibility cannot be excluded. (pFPP).

[edit] Pharmacokinetics

Aripiprazole displays linear kinetics and has an elimination half-life of approximately 75 hours. Steady-state plasma concentrations are achieved in about 14 days. C_max (maximum plasma concentration) is achieved 3–5 hours after oral dosing. Bioavailability of the oral tablets is about 90% and the drug undergoes extensive hepatic metabolization (dehydrogenation, hydroxylation, and N-dealkylation), principally by the enzymes CYP2D6 and CYP3A4. Its only known active metabolite is dehydro-aripiprazole, which typically accumulates to approximately 40% of the aripiprazole concentration. The parenteral drug is excreted only in traces, and its metabolites, active or not, are excreted via feces and urine.^[26] When dosed daily, brain concentrations of aripiprazole will increase for a period of 10–14 days, before reaching stable constant levels. This phenomenon is due to the long half life of aripiprazole, and is responsible for many of the adverse side effects that appear after multiple days of dosing (whereas the first dose normally does not cause these side effects).

[edit] Patent status

Otsuka’s US patent on aripiprazole expires on October 20, 2014;^[34] however, due to a pediatric extension, a generic will not become available until at least April 20, 2015.^[4] Barr Laboratories (now Teva Pharmaceuticals) initiated a patent challenge under the Hatch-Waxman Act in March 2007.^[35] As of 14 August 2009, this challenge is still in court. (2009 -08-14)^[update]

[edit] Side effects

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Akathisia^[36], headache, unusual tiredness or weakness, nausea, vomiting, an uncomfortable feeling in the stomach, constipation, light-headedness, insomnia, sleepiness, shaking, and blurred vision.
Uncontrollable twitching or jerking movements, tremors, seizure, and weight gain. Some people may feel dizzy, especially when getting up from a lying or sitting position, or may experience a fast heart rate.
Neuroleptic malignant syndrome (Combination of fever, muscle stiffness, faster breathing, sweating, reduced consciousness, and sudden change in blood pressure and heart rate.)
Aripiprazole also causes sexual dysfunction.
Tardive dyskinesia (As with all antipsychotic medication, patients using aripiprazole may develop the permanent neurological disorder tardive dyskinesia.^[37][38][39])
Stroke (While taking aripiprazole some elderly patients with dementia have suffered from stroke or ‘mini’ stroke.)
Other elderly patients may experience high blood sugar or the onset or worsening of diabetes.
Allergic reaction (such as swelling in the mouth or throat, itching, rash), increased production of saliva, speech disorder, nervousness, agitation, fainting, reports of abnormal liver test values, inflammation of the pancreas, muscle pain, weakness, stiffness, or cramps.

[edit] Overdosage

Children or adults who ingested acute overdoses have usually manifested central nervous system depression ranging from mild sedation to coma; serum concentrations of aripiprazole and dehydroaripiprazole in these patients were elevated by up to 3-4 fold over normal therapeutic levels, yet no deaths have yet been recorded.^[40]

[edit] Drug interactions

Aripiprazole is a substrate of CYP2D6 and CYP3A4. Coadministration with medications that inhibit (e.g. paroxetine, fluoxetine) or induce (e.g. carbamazepine) these metabolic enzymes are known to increase and decrease, respectively, plasma levels of aripiprazole.^[41] As such, anyone taking Abilify should be aware that their dosage of Abilify may need to be decreased.
Aripiprazole may change the subjective effects of alcohol. One study^[42] found that aripiprazole increased the sedative effect and reduced the sense of euphoria normally associated with alcohol consumption. However, another alcohol study^[43] found that there was no difference in subjective effect between a placebo group and a group taking aripiprazole.

[edit] Dosage forms

• Intramuscular injection, solution: 7.5 mg/mL (1.3 mL)
• Solution, oral: 1 mg/mL (150 mL) [contains propylene glycol, sucrose 400 mg/mL, and fructose 200 mg/mL; orange cream flavor]
• Tablet: 2 mg, 5 mg, 10 mg, 15 mg, 20 mg, 30 mg
• Tablet, orally disintegrating: 10 mg [contains phenylalanine 1.12 mg; creme de vanilla flavor]; 15 mg [contains phenylalanine 1.68 mg; creme de vanilla flavor]

[edit] Synthesis

U.S. Patent 5,006,528

)

Lexapro (symbolc misrepresentation)[Lexis-vocabulary, pro-(for, skilled]

Lexapro [Lexis(vocabulary) + Pro]

Escitalopram

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Escitalopram

Systematic (IUPAC) name
(S)-1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydroisobenzofuran-5-carbonitrile
Identifiers
CAS number	128196-01-0
ATC code	N06AB10
PubChem	CID 146570
DrugBank	APRD00683
ChemSpider	129277
UNII	4O4S742ANY
Chemical data
Formula	C20H21FN2O
Mol. mass	324.392 g/mol (414.43 as oxalate)
SMILES	eMolecules & PubChem
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability	80%
Protein binding	~56%
Metabolism	Liver, specifically the enzymes CYP3A4 and CYP2C19
Half-life	27–32 hours
Therapeutic considerations
Pregnancy cat.	C
Legal status	Rx Only (U.S) POM (U.K)
Routes	Oral
(what is this?)  (verify)Y

Lexapro tablets

Cipralex brand escitalopram package and tablet sheet

Escitalopram (trade names Lexapro, Cipralex, Seroplex, Lexamil) is an antidepressant of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) class. It is approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment in adults with major depressive disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder , or panic disorder. Escitalopram is the S-stereoisomer (enantiomer) of the earlier Lundbeck drug citalopram, hence the name escitalopram. Escitalopram is noted for its high selectivity of serotonin reuptake inhibition and has side effects typical for the SSRI class.

Contents [show] 1 History 2 Use in depression 3 Pharmacology 4 Side effects and drug interactions 5 Discontinuation symptoms 6 Controversy 7 References 8 Cited texts 9 See also 10 External links

[edit] History

Escitalopram was developed in a close cooperation between Lundbeck and Forest Laboratories. Its development was initiated in the summer of 1997, and the resulting new drug application was submitted to the U.S. FDA in March 2001. The short time (3.5 years) it took to develop escitalopram can be attributed to the previous extensive experience of Lundbeck and Forest with citalopram, which has similar pharmacology.^[1]evergreening“^[2] (also called “lifecycle management”^[3])– the long-term strategy pharmaceutical companies use in order to extend the lifetime of a drug, in this case of the citalopram franchise. Escitalopram is an enantiopure compound of the racemic mixture citalopram, used for the same indication, and for that reason it required less investment and less time to develop. Two years after escitalopram’s launch, when the patent on citalopram expired, the escitalopram sales successfully made up for the loss. On May 23, 2006, the FDA approved a generic version of escitalopram by Teva.^[4] On July 14 of that year, however, the U.S. District Court of Delaware decided in favor of Lundbeck regarding the patent infringement dispute and ruled the patent on escitalopram valid.^[5] The FDA issued the approval of escitalopram for major depression in August 2002 and for generalized anxiety disorder in December 2003. Escitalopram can be considered an example of “

In 2006 Forest Laboratories was granted an 828 day (2 years and 3 months) extension on its US patent for escitalopram.^[6] This pushed the patent expiry from December 7, 2009 to March 14, 2012.

Geodon [geo (earth) + don(dominic)]

LORD

Don, from Latin dominus, is an honorific in Spanish ([don]), Portuguese (Dom, [dõ]), and Italian ([dɔn]). The female equivalent is Doña (Spanish: [ˈdoɲa]), Dona (Portuguese: [ˈdonɐ]), and Donna (Italian: [ˈdɔnna]), abbreviated “Dª” or simply “D.”

Dominus is the Latin word for master or owner.

Ziprasidone

Ziprasidone

Systematic (IUPAC) name
5-[2-[4-(1,2-benzisothiazol-3-yl)-1-piperazinyl]ethyl]- 6-chloro-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one
Identifiers
CAS number	146939-27-7
ATC code	N05AE04
PubChem	CID 60854
IUPHAR ligand ID	59
DrugBank	DB00246
ChemSpider	54841
Chemical data
Formula	C21H21ClN4OS
Mol. mass	412.936
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability	100% (intramuscular) 60% (orally)
Metabolism	hepatic (aldehyde reductase)
Half-life	7 hours
Excretion	Urine and feces
Therapeutic considerations
Licence data	US FDA:link
Pregnancy cat.	C(US)
Legal status	℞ Prescription only
Routes	oral, intramuscular
(what is this?)  (verify)Y

Ziprasidone (marketed as Geodon, Zeldox by Pfizer) was the fifth atypical antipsychotic to gain FDA approval (February 2001). In the United States, Ziprasidone is Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved for the treatment of schizophrenia, and the intramuscular injection form of ziprasidone is approved for acute agitation in schizophrenic patients. Ziprasidone has also received approval for acute treatment of mania and mixed states associated with bipolar disorder. The brand name Geodon has been suggested to bring to mind the phrase ‘down (don) to earth (geo)’ referring to the goals of the medication.

The oral form of ziprasidone is the hydrochloride salt, ziprasidone hydrochloride. The intramuscular form, on the other hand, is the mesylate salt, ziprasidone mesylate trihydrate, and is provided as a lyophilized powder.

Geodon was one of four drugs which Pfizer in 2009 pleaded guilty to misbranding “with the intent to defraud or mislead”. Pfizer agreed to pay $2.3 billion (£1.4 billion) in settlement, and entered a corporate integrity agreement. Pfizer was found to have illegally promoted four of its drugs for use in conditions that had not been approved by the FDA.^[1]

Contents [show] 1 Pharmacology 2 Pharmacokinetics 3 Adverse effects 4 Off-label uses 5 References 6 External links

[edit] Pharmacology

Ziprasidone has a high affinity for dopamine, serotonin, and alpha-adrenergic receptors and a moderate affinity for histamine receptors, where it is believed to act as an antagonist.^[2] Ziprasidone also displays some inhibition of synaptic reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine^[2][3], although the clinical significance of this is unknown. The mechanism of action of ziprasidone is unknown. However it has been theorized that its antipsychotic activity is mediated primarily by antagonism at dopamine receptors, specifically D₂. Serotonin antagonism may also play a role in the effectiveness of ziprasidone, but the significance of 5-HT_2A antagonism is debated among researchers.^[4] Ziprasidone has perhaps the most selective affinity for 5-HT_2A receptors relative to D₂ and 5-HT_2C receptors of any neuroleptic.^[5][6] Antagonism at histaminic and alpha adrenergic receptors likely explains some of the side effects of ziprasidone, such as sedation and orthostasis.

[edit] Pharmacokinetics

The systemic bioavailability of ziprasidone administered intramuscularly is 100%, or 60%, administered orally with food. After a single dose intramuscular administration, the peak serum concentration typically occurs at about 60 minutes after the dose is administered, or earlier. Steady state plasma concentrations are achieved within one to three days. The mean half-life ranges from two to five hours. Exposure increases in a dose-related manner and following three days of intramuscular dosing, little accumulation is observed.

Ziprasidone absorption is not optimally achieved when administered without food. Without a meal preceding dose, the bioavailability of the drug is reduced by approximately 50%.^[7][8]

Ziprasidone is hepatically metabolized by aldehyde oxidase; minor metabolism occurs via cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4).^[9] Medications that induce (e.g. carbamazepine) or inhibit (e.g. ketoconazole) CYP3A4 have been shown to decrease and increase, respectively, blood levels of ziprasidone.^[10][11]

[edit] Adverse effects

Ziprasidone received a black box warning due to increased mortality in elderly patients with dementia-related psychosis.^[7] It also slightly increases the QTc interval in some patients and increases the risk of a potentially lethal type of heart arrhythmia known as torsades de pointes. Ziprasidone should be used cautiously in patients taking other medications likely to interact with ziprasidone or increase the QTc interval.^[12]

Patients in general will experience loss of focus and motivation as well as blurry vision to the point that stronger doses may cause thoughts of suicide while the medicine is in the patients system. Thoughts of suicide may occur. Typically side effects will start about an hour after ingestion and peak about four to five hours after ingestion. Patient will most likely be unable to operate machinery or drive a vehicle while the medicine is effecting the patient as blurred vision can be quite severe.

Ziprasidone may cause cause dangerous—even fatal—heartbeat irregularities.

Geodon generally adheres to the mid section of the prefrontal cortex. It derives from the ideas and thoughts process in the prefrontal cortex in which determines a treatment diagnosis for psychosis. Those who experience the symptoms of psychosis will experience on-going symptoms such as: lack of sleep, insomnia, and uncontrollable desires and experiences. Geodone adheres and corrects the prefrontal cortex by delivering an enzyme called (enzyme-B). This enzyme corrects the basal ganglia function which coorelates with the B-cortex hemispheres. In other words the enzyme delivers a vital nutrient into the system which is release by the geodome once again, called enzyme-b. The process of Geodon is somewhat confusing as it affects both the basal ganglia and prefrontal cortex. By affecting the basal ganglia the prefrontal cortex does what is called: identity change. This is a process in which enzymes are switched from one section of the brain to another. The prefrontal cortex is mainly involved in spacial recognition which will be slightly alleviated by the geodon. Those who experience spacial recognition problems usually suffer from psychosis.

Ziprasidone is known to cause activation into mania in some bipolar patients.^[13][14][15]

This medication can cause birth defects, according to animal studies, although this side effect has not been confirmed in humans.^[7]

Adverse events reported for ziprasidone include severe chest pains, impaired erectile function and stimulation, sedation, insomnia, orthostasis, life-threatening neuroleptic malignant syndrome, akathisia, and the development of permanent neurological disorder tardive dyskinesia. Rarely, temporary speech disorders may result.

Recently, the FDA required the manufacturers of some atypical antipsychotics include a warning about the risk of hyperglycemia and Type II diabetes with atypical antipsychotics. Some evidence suggests that ziprasidone may not be as bad as some of the other atypical antipsychotics (namely, olanzapine (Zyprexa)) at causing insulin resistance and weight gain.^{[16][17][18][19]} In fact, in a trial of long term therapy with ziprasidone, overweight patients (BMI > 27) actually had a mean weight loss overall.^[7] Ziprasidone, though, is not a weight loss drug. The weight loss reflected in this study on ziprasidone was really reflective of patients who had gained weight on other antipsychotics who were now trending back toward their baseline.^{[citation needed]}clozapine and olanzapine). According to the manufacturer insert, ziprasidone caused an average weight gain of 2.2 kg (4.8 lbs) (which is significantly lower than other atypicals–

[edit] Off-label uses

In addition to its antipsychotic use, ziprasidone is sometimes prescribed for the treatment of tic disorders. A small study^[20] has supported the efficacy of this use.