Trilateral Commission [Triliteral (3 consonant)]

Trilateral Commission

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Trilateral Commission

The Trilateral Commission is a private organization, established to foster closer cooperation among the United States, Europe and Japan.^{[citation needed]} It was founded in July 1973 at the initiative of David Rockefeller, who was Chairman of the Council on Foreign Relations at that time. The Trilateral Commission is widely seen as a counterpart to the Council on Foreign Relations.^[1]

Contents [show] 1 Established 2 Activity history 2.1 US Administration ties 3 Criticisms 4 Membership 4.1 Current Chairmen 4.2 Current Deputy Chairmen 4.3 Current directors 4.4 Former Chairmen 4.5 Former directors 4.6 Executive Committee 4.7 Others who are or have been members 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links

[edit] Established

Speaking at the Chase Manhattan International Financial Forums in London, Brussels, Montreal, and Paris, Rockefeller proposed the creation of an International Commission of Peace and Prosperity in early 1972 (which would later become the Trilateral Commission). At the 1972 Bilderberg meeting, the idea was widely accepted, but elsewhere, it got a cold reception. According to Rockefeller, the organization could “be of help to government by providing measured judgment.”

Zbigniew Brzezinski,^[2] a professor at Columbia University and a Rockefeller advisor who was a specialist on international affairs, left his post to organize the group along with:

• Henry D. Owen (a Foreign Policy Studies Director with the Brookings Institution)
• George S. Franklin
• Robert R. Bowie (of the Foreign Policy Association and Director of the Harvard Center for International Affairs)
• Gerard C. Smith (Salt I negotiator, Rockefeller in-law, and its first North American Chairman)
• Marshall Hornblower (former partner at Wilmer, Cutler & Pickering)
• William Scranton (former Governor of Pennsylvania)
• Edwin Reischauer (a professor at Harvard)
• Max Kohnstamm (European Policy Centre)

Other founding members included Alan Greenspan and Paul Volcker, both eventually heads of the Federal Reserve system.

Funding for the group came from David Rockefeller, the Charles F. Kettering Foundation, and the Ford Foundation.

[edit] Activity history

In July 1972, Rockefeller called his first meeting, which was held at Rockefeller’s Pocantico compound in New York’s Hudson Valley. It was attended by about 250 individuals who were carefully selected and screened by Rockefeller and represented the very elite of finance and industry.

Its first executive committee meeting was held in Tokyo in October 1973. The Trilateral Commission was officially initiated, holding biannual meetings.

A Trilateral Commission Task Force Report, presented at the 1975 meeting in Kyoto, Japan, called An Outline for Remaking World Trade and Finance, said: “Close Trilateral cooperation in keeping the peace, in managing the world economy, and in fostering economic development and in alleviating world poverty, will improve the chances of a smooth and peaceful evolution of the global system.” Another Commission document read:

“The overriding goal is to make the world safe for interdependence by protecting the benefits which it provides for each country against external and internal threats which will constantly emerge from those willing to pay a price for more national autonomy. This may sometimes require slowing the pace at which interdependence proceeds, and checking some aspects of it. More frequently however, it will call for checking the intrusion of national government into the international exchange of both economic and non-economic goods.”

In May 1976, the first plenary meeting of all of the Commission’s regional groups took place in Kyoto, attended by Jimmy Carter.^[3] Today it consists of approximately 300–350 private citizens from Europe, the Asia-Pacific region, and North America, and exists to promote closer political and economic cooperation between these areas, which are the primary industrial regions in the world.^[3] Its official journal from its founding is a magazine called Trialogue.

Membership is divided into numbers proportionate to each of its three regional areas. These members include corporate CEOs, politicians of all major parties, distinguished academics, university presidents, labor union leaders and not-for-profits involved in overseas philanthropy. Members who gain a position in their respective country’s government must resign from the Commission. The North American continent is represented by 107 members (15 Canadian, seven Mexican and 85 U.S. citizens). The European group has reached its limit of 150 members, including citizens from Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Turkey and the United Kingdom.^{[citation needed]}

At first, Asia and Oceania were represented only by Japan. However, in 2000 the Japanese group of 85 members expanded itself, becoming the Pacific Asia group, composed of 117 members: 75 Japanese, 11 South Koreans, seven Australian and New Zealand citizens, and 15 members from the ASEAN nations (Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore and Thailand). The Pacific Asia group also includes nine members from China, Hong Kong and Taiwan.

Pseudohistory

Pseudohistory is a term applied to a type of historical revisionism, often involving sensational claims whose acceptance would require rewriting a significant amount of commonly accepted history, and based on methods that depart from standard historiographical conventions. Cryptohistory is a related term, applied to pseudo-historical publications based on occult or irrational notions.

Contents [show] 1 Definition and etymology 2 Description 2.1 Goodrick-Clarke’s description of cryptohistory 3 Examples 4 See also 5 References 6 External links

[edit] Definition and etymology

The term pseudo-history was coined in the early 19th century, which makes it somewhat older than pseudo-scholarship, and somewhat younger than pseudo-science (although New Latin pseudo-historia had been in use since at least the 1650s). It is attested in 1823 as referring to an early example of a historical novel.^[1]Certamen Homeri et Hesiodi, a fictional contest between two historical poets.^[2] The current pejorative sense, referring to a flawed or disingenious work of historiography, is found in another 1815 attestation.^[3] Similarly, in a 1815 attestation, it is used to refer to

Pseudohistory can be compared with pseudoscience in that they both consist of a methodology, belief, or practice that is claimed to be historic, but which does not adhere to an appropriate historic methodology, and lacks supporting evidence or plausibility.^[4]

The definition of pseudohistory can be extended to varying contexts. Historian Douglas Allchin^[5] contends that history in science education can not only be false or anecdotal, but misleading ideologically, and that this constitutes pseudohistory.

According to Michael Shermer, Alex Grobman, Pseudohistory is “the rewriting of the past for present personal or political purposes”.^[6]

[edit] Description

Philosopher Robert Todd Carroll suggests the following criteria for a topic to warrant the term pseudohistory:

• That the work uncritically accepts myths and anecdotal evidence without skepticism.
• That the work has a political, religious, or other ideological agenda.
• That a work is not published in an academic journal or is otherwise not adequately peer reviewed.
• That the evidence for key facts supporting the work’s thesis is:
  • selective and ignores contrary evidence or explains it away; or
  • speculative; or
  • controversial; or
  • not correctly or adequately sourced; or
  • interpreted in an unjustifiable way; or
  • given undue weight; or
  • taken out of context; or
  • distorted, either innocently, accidentally, or fraudulently.
• That competing (and simpler) explanations or interpretations for the same set of facts, which have been peer reviewed and have been adequately sourced, have not been addressed.
• That the work relies on one or more conspiracy theories or hidden-hand explanations, when the principle of Occam’s razor would recommend a simpler, more prosaic and more plausible explanation of the same fact pattern.^[7]

[edit] Goodrick-Clarke’s description of cryptohistory

One narrow description of ‘cryptohistory’ can be found in The Occult Roots of Nazism (1985) by the historian Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke. This book examines the field of Ariosophy, an esoteric movement in Germany and Austria 1890-1930, that Goodrick-Clarke himself describes as occult. The doctrines of Ariosophy strongly resemble Nazism in important points (e.g. racism), however, the only cases of direct influences that Goodrick-Clarke could find were the ones of Rudolf von Sebottendorf (and the Thule society) and Karl Maria Wiligut. While these cases did exist, they are often exaggerated strongly by the modern mythology of Nazi occultism. Goodrick-Clarke defines this genre as crypto-history, since its “final point of explanatory reference is an agent which has remained concealed to previous historians.”^[8] When he debunks several crypto-historic books in Appendix E of The Occult Roots of Nazism, he states, that these “were typically sensational and under-researched. A complete ignorance of the primary sources was common to most authors and inaccuracies and wild claims were repeated by each newcomer to the genre until an abundant literature existed, based on wholly spurious ‘facts’ concerning the powerful Thule Society, the Nazi links with the East, and Hitler’s occult initiation.”^[9] Here Goodrick-Clarke brings down the description of cryptohistory to two elements: “A complete ignorance of the primary sources” and the repetition of “inaccuracies and wild claims”.^{[page needed]}

[edit] Examples

Further information: Historical revisionism and Pseudoarchaeology

The following are some commonly cited examples of pseudohistory:

• Catastrophism
  • Immanuel Velikovsky‘s book Worlds in Collision^[10]
• alternative chronologies
  • Anatoly Timofeevich Fomenko‘s theory New Chronology^[11]
  • Heribert Illig’s book Phantom time hypothesis^{[citation needed]}
• Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact
  • Gavin Menzies‘s book 1421: The Year China Discovered the World, which argues for the idea that Chinese sailors discovered America.^[12]
• Religious history (see also scientific foreknowledge in sacred texts)
  • Priory of Sion: works such as Holy Blood, Holy Grail, which conjecture that Jesus Christ may have married Mary Magdalene, who later moved to France and gave birth to the line of Merovingian Kings^[13]
  • The Two Babylons, which claims that Catholicism is merely a veiled continuation of Babylonian paganism^{[citation needed]}
  • the writings of Purushottam Nagesh Oak about the history of Hinduism, including a “Vedic past of Arabia”.^{[citation needed]}
  • The writings of David Barton and others postulating that the United States of America was founded on Christian religious beliefs.^{[14][15][16][17]}
  • see also Searches for Noah’s Ark^[18]

• Ethnocentric pseudo-history (see also National mysticism)
  • The Venetic theory, claiming that the original inhabitants of Central Europe, Northern Italy and parts of Sweden were a Proto-Slavic-speaking people, called Veneti, of which the SlovenesWest Slavs are the direct descendants^{[citation needed]} and
  • The claims that the citizens of the Republic of Macedonia are descendants of Ancient Macedonians and speak the same language.^[19][20]
  • Most Afrocentric (i.e. Pre-Columbian Africa-Americas contact theories, Black Egypt) ideas have been identified as pseudohistorical^[21][22]
  • the Indigenous Aryans theories published in Hindu nationalism during the 1990s and 2000s.^[23]
  • the “crypto-history” of Germanic mysticism and Nazi occultism^[24]
• Anti-semitism inspired (see also Blood libel)
  • The Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion, a fraudulent work purporting to show a historical conspiracy for world domination by Jews^[25]
  • Holocaust denial: claims of writers such as David Irving that the Holocaust did not occur or was exaggerated greatly.^[26]
• Ancient Astronauts, Archaeoastronomy and Lost lands (see also Atlantis location hypotheses)
  • Archaeoastronomy and Vedic chronology, such as Bal Gangadhar Tilak‘s The Arctic Home in the Vedas (1903)^{[citation needed]}
  • The theory of Lemuria and Kumari Kandam.^[27]
  • The Orion Correlation Theory of Robert Bauval, that the three pyramids of Gizah are representations of the stars of the “belt” of the constellation Orion.^{[citation needed]}
  • Chariots of the Gods? and other books by Erich von Daniken, which claim ancient visitors from outer space constructed the pyramids and other monuments.^[28]
  • publications by Christopher Knight, such as Uriel’s Machine (2000), claiming ancient technological civilizations.^[29][30]
• The Shakespeare authorship question, which claims that someone other than William Shakespeare of Stratford wrote the works traditionally attributed to him.^{[31][32][33][34]}