Morning Star
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Morning star or
Morning Star is the name given to the planet
Venus when it appears in the East (morning sky) before sunrise. It may also refer to:
[edit] Mythology
- Eosphorus, the “dawn-bearer” in Greek mythology
- Lucifer, the “lightbringer” in Biblical literature
[edit] People
[edit] Places
[edit] Publications
- Morning Star (UK newspaper), left-wing daily newspaper in the U.K.
- Morning Star (20th century U.S. newspaper), established 1867 in Wilmington, North Carolina, renamed Star-News in 2003
- The Morning Star (Vernon), daily newspaper in Vernon, British Columbia
- The Morning Star (19th century U.S. newspaper), defunct New Hampshire newspaper
- The Morning Star (19th century U.K. newspaper), defunct London newspaper
- Magic City Morning Star, on-line newspaper from Katahdin, Maine
- The Morning Star, book of poems and translations by Kenneth Rexroth, published by New Directions Publishing in 1979
- The Evening and Morning Star (1832–1834), the first periodical of the Latter Day Saint movement
[edit] Things
[edit] Transportation
[edit] Religion
- Morning Star ceremony, ritual ceremony including human sacrifice performed by the Pawnee tribe into the 19th century
- A name for Lucifer (Luci-fer, Venus as light-bringer); a fallen angel{NIV}, also called “Day Star,” from certain translations of Isaiah 14:3-20.
- A title of Jesus (Revelation 22:16)
- A title of the Virgin Mary in the Litany of Loreto
- John Wycliffe, the English theologian, referred to as “The Morning Star of the Reformation”
- Morning Star Trust, U.K.-based, Christian sail training organization
- Morning Star International, former name of Every Nation Churches
- Jesus Morning Star, name of the “Providence” religious movement of Korea and Japan
[edit] Literature
- The Morning Star, play by Emlyn Williams
- Morning Star (novel), novel by Simon Raven
- Morningstar, novel by David Gemmell
- The Morning Star, trilogy of novels by Nick Bantock
- Morning Star (comics), fictional Marvel Comics villain
- Morningstar, superhero from the Bogatyri comic books
- Morningstar, character in the Elementals (Comico Comics)
- Morning Star, character in the Noble Warriors Trilogy of novels by William Nicholson
- Morningstar, character from the novel Jack of Shadows by Roger Zelazny
- Morningstar, Lucifer; Sandman comic books by Neil Gaiman
[edit] Commerce
[edit] Finance
[edit] See also
Heavy metal (chemistry)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Heavy metals)
A heavy metal is a member of an ill-defined subset of elements that exhibit metallic properties, which would mainly include the transition metals, some metalloids, lanthanides, and actinides. Many different definitions have been proposed—some based on density, some on atomic number or atomic weight, and some on chemical properties or toxicity.[1] The term heavy metal has been called a “misinterpretation” in an IUPAC[1] There is an alternative term toxic metal, for which no consensus of exact definition exists either. As discussed below, depending on context, heavy metal can include elements lighter than carbon and can exclude some of the heaviest metals. Heavy metals occur naturally in the ecosystem with large variations in concentration. In modern times, anthropogenic sources of heavy metals, i.e. pollution, have been introduced to the ecosystem. Waste-derived fuels are especially prone to contain heavy metals so they should be a central concern in a consideration of their use. technical report due to the contradictory definitions and its lack of a “coherent scientific basis”.
[edit] Relationship to living organisms
Living organisms require varying amounts of “heavy metals.” Iron, cobalt, copper, manganese, molybdenum, and zinc are required by humans. Excessive levels can be damaging to the organism. Other heavy metals such as mercury, plutonium, and lead are toxic metals that have no known vital or beneficial effect on organisms[citation needed], and their accumulation over time in the bodies of animals can cause serious illness. Certain elements that are normally toxic are, for certain organisms or under certain conditions, beneficial. Examples include vanadium, tungsten, and even cadmium.[2]
[edit] Heavy metal pollution
Motivations for controlling heavy metal concentrations in gas streams are diverse. Some of them are dangerous to health or to the environment (e.g. mercury, cadmium, lead, chromium),[3] some may cause corrosion (e.g. zinc, lead), some are harmful in other ways (e.g. arsenic may pollute catalysts). Within the European community the thirteen elements of highest concern are arsenic, cadmium, cobalt, chromium, copper, mercury, manganese, nickel, lead, tin, and thallium, the emissions of which are regulated in waste incinerators. Some of these elements are actually necessary for humans in minute amounts (cobalt, copper, chromium, manganese, nickel) while others are carcinogenic or toxic, affecting, among others, the central nervous system (manganese, mercury, lead, arsenic), the kidneys or liver (mercury, lead, cadmium, copper) or skin, bones, or teeth (nickel, cadmium, copper, chromium).[4]
Heavy metal pollution can arise from many sources but most commonly arises from the purification of metals, e.g., the smelting of copper and the preparation of nuclear fuels. Electroplating is the primary source of chromium and cadmium. Through precipitation of their compounds or by ion exchange into soils and muds, heavy metal pollutants can localize and lay dormant. Unlike organic pollutants, heavy metals do not decay and thus pose a different kind of challenge for remediation. Currently, plants or microrganisms are tentatively used to remove some heavy metals such as mercury. Plants which exhibit hyper accumulation can be used to remove heavy metals from soils by concentrating them in their bio matter. Some treatment of mining tailings has occurred where the vegetation is then incinerated to recover the heavy metals.
[edit] Medicine
In medical usage, heavy metals are loosely defined[1] and include all toxic metals irrespective of their atomic weight: “heavy metal poisoning” can possibly include excessive amounts of iron, manganese, aluminium, mercury, cadmium, or beryllium (the fourth lightest element) or such a semimetal as arsenic. This definition excludes bismuth, the heaviest of approximately stable elements, because of its low toxicity.
[edit] Hazardous materials
Heavy metals in a hazardous materials (or “hazmat”) setting are for the most part classified in “Misc.” on the UN model hazard class, but they are sometimes labeled as a poison when being transported.
[edit] Nuclear technology
Heavy metal music
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Heavy metal (often referred to simply as metal) is a genre of rock music[1] that developed in the late 1960s and early 1970s, largely in the United Kingdom and the United States.[2] With roots in blues-rock and psychedelic rock, the bands that created heavy metal developed a thick, massive sound, characterized by highly amplified distortion, extended guitar solos, emphatic beats, and overall loudness. Heavy metal lyrics and performance styles are generally associated with masculinity and machismo.[3]
[edit] Characteristics
Heavy metal is traditionally characterized by loud distorted guitars, emphatic rhythms, dense bass-and-drum sound, and vigorous vocals. Metal subgenres variously emphasize, alter, or omit one or more of these attributes. New York Times critic Jon Pareles writes, “In the taxonomy of popular music, heavy metal is a major subspecies of hard-rock—the breed with less syncopation, less blues, more showmanship and more brute force.”[4] The typical band lineup includes a drummer, a bassist, a rhythm guitarist, a lead guitarist, and a singer, who may or may not be an instrumentalist. Keyboard instruments are sometimes used to enhance the fullness of the sound.[5]
The electric guitar and the sonic power that it projects through amplification has historically been the key element in heavy metal.[6] The lead role of the guitar in heavy metal often collides with the traditional “frontman” or bandleader role of the vocalist, creating a musical tension as the two “contend for dominance” in a spirit of “affectionate rivalry”.[5] Heavy metal “demands the subordination of the voice” to the overall sound of the band. Reflecting metal’s roots in the 1960s counterculture, an “explicit display of emotion” is required from the vocals as a sign of authenticity.[7] Critic Simon Frith claims that the metal singer’s “tone of voice” is more important than the lyrics.[8] Metal vocals vary widely in style, from the multioctave, theatrical approach of Judas Priest’s Rob Halford and Iron Maiden’s Bruce Dickinson, to the gruff style of Motörhead‘s LemmyMetallica‘s James Hetfield, to the growling of many death metal performers, and to the harsh screams of black metal. and
The prominent role of the bass is also key to the metal sound, and the interplay of bass and guitar is a central element. The bass guitar provides the low-end sound crucial to making the music “heavy”.[9] Metal basslines vary widely in complexity, from holding down a low pedal point as a foundation to doubling complex riffs and licks along with the lead and/or rhythm guitars. Some bands feature the bass as a lead instrument, an approach popularized by Metallica’s Cliff Burton in the early 1980s.[10]
The essence of metal drumming is creating a loud, constant beat for the band using the “trifecta of speed, power, and precision”.[11] Metal drumming “requires an exceptional amount of endurance”, and drummers have to develop “considerable speed, coordination, and dexterity…to play the intricate patterns” used in metal.[12] A characteristic metal drumming technique is the cymbal choke, which consists of striking a cymbal and then immediately silencing it by grabbing it with the other hand (or, in some cases, the same striking hand), producing a burst of sound. The metal drum setup is generally much larger than those employed in other forms of rock music.[9]
In live performance, loudness—an “onslaught of sound,” in sociologist Deena Weinstein’s description—is considered vital.[6] In his book Metalheads, psychologist Jeffrey Arnett refers to heavy metal concerts as “the sensory equivalent of war.”[13] Following the lead set by Jimi Hendrix, Cream and The Who, early heavy metal acts such as Blue Cheer set new benchmarks for volume. As Blue Cheer’s Dick Peterson put it, “All we knew was we wanted more power.”[14] A 1977 review of a Motörhead concert noted how “excessive volume in particular figured into the band’s impact.”[15] Weinstein makes the case that in the same way that melody is the main element of pop and rhythm is the main focus of house music, powerful sound, timbre, and volume are the key elements of metal. She argues that the loudness is designed to “sweep the listener into the sound” and to provide a “shot of youthful vitality.”[6]