Central Intelligence Agency

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Central Intelligence Agency
Official Seal of the CIA
Agency overview
Formed	September 18, 1947
Preceding agency	Central Intelligence Group
Headquarters	Langley, Virginia United States 38°57′06″N 77°08′48″W / 38.951796°N 77.146586°W / 38.951796; -77.146586
Employees	Classified[1] 20,000 estimated[2]
Annual budget	Classified[3][4]
Agency executives	Leon Panetta, Director Michael J. Morell , Deputy Director Stephanie O’Sullivan, Associate Deputy Director
Website
www.cia.gov

The entrance of the CIA Headquarters

The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) is a civilian intelligence agency of the United States governmentnational security intelligence to senior United States policymakers. The CIA also engages in covert activities at the request of the President of the United States of America.^[5] responsible for providing

It is the successor of the Office of Strategic Services (OSS) formed during World War II to coordinate espionageenemy lines for the branches of the United States military. The National Security Act of 1947^{[clarification needed]} “sabotage, anti-sabotage, demolition and evacuation measures…subversion [and] assistance to underground resistance movements, guerrillas and refugee liberation movements, and support of indigenous anti-communist elements in threatened countries of the free world”.^[6][7] activities behind established the CIA, affording it “no police or law enforcement functions, either at home or abroad”. One year later, this mandate was expanded to include

The CIA’s primary function is to collect information about foreign governments, corporations, and individuals, and to advise public policymakers. The agency conducts covert operations and paramilitary actions, and exerts foreign political influence through its Special Activities Division. The CIA and its responsibilities changed markedly in 2004. Before December 2004, the CIA was the main intelligence organization of the US government; it coordinated and oversaw not only its own activities but also the activities of the US Intelligence Community (IC) as a whole. The Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004 created the office of the Director of National Intelligenceintelligence cycle. The functions that moved to the DNI included the preparation of estimates of the consolidated opinion of the 16 IC agencies, and the preparation of briefings for the President of the United States. (DNI), which took over some of the government and IC-wide functions. The DNI manages the IC and therefore the

Today, the CIA still has a number of functions in common with other countries’ intelligence agencies; see Relationships with foreign intelligence agencies. The CIA’s headquarters is in Langley in McLean, unincorporatedFairfax County, Virginia,^[8] a few miles west of Washington, D.C. along the Potomac River.

Sometimes, the CIA is referred to euphemistically in government and military parlance as Other Government Agencies (OGA), particularly when its operations in a particular area are an open secret.^[9][10] Other terms include The Company,^{[11][12][13][14]} and The Agency.

Contents [show] 1 Organization 1.1 Budget 1.2 Executive Office 1.3 Executive staff 1.3.1 General publications 1.3.2 General counsel and inspection 1.3.3 Public Affairs 1.4 Directorate of Intelligence 1.4.1 Regional groups 1.4.2 Transnational groups 1.4.3 Support and general units 1.5 National Clandestine Service 1.6 Directorate of Science and Technology 1.7 Directorate of Support 1.7.1 Training 2 Relationship with other sources of intelligence 2.1 Other US intelligence agencies 2.2 Open Source Intelligence 2.3 Outsourcing 2.4 Foreign intelligence services 3 Organizational history 3.1 Immediate predecessors, 1946–47 3.2 Early CIA, 1947–1952 3.3 The structure stabilizes, 1952 3.4 Early Cold War, 1953–1966 3.5 Indochina and the Vietnam War (1954–1975) 3.6 Abuses of CIA authority, 1970s–1990s 3.7 2004, DNI takes over CIA top-level functions 4 Mission-related issues and controversies 4.1 Security and counterintelligence failures 4.1.1 Security failures 4.1.2 Counterintelligence failures 4.2 Failures in intelligence analysis 4.3 Questionable/controversial tactics 4.4 External investigations and document releases 4.5 Influencing public opinion and law enforcement 4.6 Involvements with former Nazi and Japanese war criminals 4.7 Al-Qaeda and the War on Terror 4.8 Palestinian Liberation Organization 4.9 2003 War in Iraq 4.10 Drug trafficking 4.11 Lying to Congress 4.11.1 Covert programs hidden from Congress 4.11.1.1 Intelligence Committee investigation 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links 8.1 Other links

[edit] Organization

Main article: Organizational structure of the Central Intelligence Agency

In its present form, the CIA has an executive office and several agency-wide functions, and four major directorates:

• The Directorate of Intelligence, responsible for all-source intelligence research and analysis
• The National Clandestine Service, formerly the Directorate of Operations, which does clandestine intelligence collection and covert action
• The Directorate of Support
• The Directorate of Science and Technology

[edit] Budget

The overall US intelligence budget has been considered classified until recently. There have been numerous attempts to obtain general information about the budget^[15] and there have also been accidental disclosures:^[16] for instance, Mary Margaret Graham, a former CIA official and deputy director of national intelligence for collection in 2005, said the annual intelligence budget was $44 billion.

[edit] Executive Office

The Director of the Central Intelligence Agency (D/CIA) reports directly to the Director of National IntelligenceOffice of Congressional Affairs), and the White House, while the Deputy Director is the internal executive. The CIA has varying amounts of Congressional oversight, although that is principally a guidance role.^{[citation needed]} (DNI); in practice, he deals with the DNI, Congress (usually via the

The Executive Office also facilitates CIA’s support of the US military by providing it with information it gathers, receiving information from military intelligence organizations, and cooperating on field activities. Two senior executives have responsibility, one CIA-wide and one for the National Clandestine Service. The Associate Director for Military Support, a senior military officer, manages the relationship between CIA and the Unified Combatant Commands, who produce regional/operational intelligence and consume national intelligence; he is assisted by the Office of Military Affairs in providing support to all branches of the military.^[17]

In the National Clandestine Services, an Associate Deputy Director for Operations for Military Affairs^[18] deals with specific clandestine human-source intelligence and covert action in support of military operations.

The CIA also makes national-level intelligence available to tactical organizations, usually to their all-source intelligence group.^[19]

[edit] Executive staff

Staff offices with several general responsibilities report to the Executive Office. The staff also gather information and then report such information to the Executive Office.

[edit] General publications

The CIA’s Center for the Study of Intelligence maintains the Agency’s historical materials and promotes the study of intelligence as a legitimate discipline.^[20]

In 2002, the CIA’s Sherman Kent School for Intelligence Analysis began publishing the unclassified Kent Center Occasional Papers, aiming to offer “an opportunity for intelligence professionals and interested colleagues—in an unofficial and unfettered vehicle—to debate and advance the theory and practice of intelligence analysis.”^[21]

[edit] General counsel and inspection

Two offices advise the Director on legality and proper operations. The Office of General Counsel advises the Director of the CIA on all legal matters relating to his role as CIA director and is the principal source of legal counsel for the CIA.

The Office of Inspector General promotes efficiency, effectiveness, and accountability in the administration of Agency activities, and seeks to prevent and detect fraud, waste, abuse, and mismanagement. The Inspector General, whose activities are independent of those of any other component in the Agency, reports directly to the Director of the CIA.^[22][23]