Drug-induced lupus erythematosus
| Drug-induced lupus erythematosus | |
|---|---|
| Classification and external resources | |
| ICD–10 | M32.0. |
| ICD–9 | 710.0 |
| OMIM | 152700 |
| DiseasesDB | 12782 |
| MedlinePlus | 000435 |
| eMedicine | med/2228 emerg/564 |
| MeSH | C17.300.480 |
Drug-induced lupus erythematosus (DIL or DILE) is an autoimmune disorder (similar to systemic lupus erythematosus [SLE]) caused by chronic use of certain drugs. These drugs cause an autoimmune response (the body attacks its own cells) producing symptoms similar to those of SLE. There are 38 known medications to cause DIL but there are three that report the highest number of cases: hydralazine, procainamide, and isoniazid.[1] While the criteria for diagnosing DIL has not been thoroughly established, symptoms of DIL typically present as myalgia and arthralgia. Generally, the symptoms recede after discontinuing use of the drugs.[2]
Contents[show] |
[edit] Causes
The processes that lead to drug-induced lupus erythematosus are not entirely understood. The exact processes that occur are not known even after 50 years since its discovery, but many studies present theories on the mechanisms of DIL.
A predisposing factor to developing DIL is N-acetylation speed, or the rate at which the body can metabolize the drug. This is greatly decreased in patients with a genetic deficiency of the enzyme N-acetyltransferase. A study showed that 29 of 30 patients with DIL were slow acetylators. In addition, these patients had more hydralazine metabolites in their urine than fast acetylators.[3] These metabolites (byproducts of the interactions between the drug and constituents in the body) of hydralazine are said to have been created when leukocytes (white blood cells) have been activated, meaning they are stimulated to produce a respiratory burst.[4] Respiratory burst in white blood cells induces an increased production of free radicals and oxidants such as hydrogen peroxide.[5] These oxidants have been found to react with hydralazine to produce a reactive species that is able to bond to protein.[6] Monocytes, one type of leukocyte, detect the antigen and relay the recognition to T helper cells, creating antinuclear antibodies leading to an immune response.[7] Further studies on the interactions between oxidants and hydralazine are necessary to understand the processes involved in DIL.
Of the drugs that cause DIL, hydralazine has been found to cause a higher incidence. Hydralazine is a medication used to treat high blood pressure. Approximately 5% of the patients who have taken hydralazine over long periods of time and in high doses have shown DIL-like symptoms.[8] Many of the other drugs have a low to very low risk to develop DIL. The following table shows the risk of development of DIL of some of these drugs on a very to high scale.[1]
- High risk:
- Moderate to low risk:
[edit] Symptoms
Signs and symptoms of drug-induced lupus erythematosus include:
- Joint pain (Arthralgia) and muscle pain (myalgia)
- Fatigue
- Inflammation of the heart (pericarditis) and lungs (pleuritis)
- Anti-histone antibodies in 95% of cases
These signs and symptoms are not side effects of the drugs taken which occur during short term use. DIL occurs over long-term and chronic use of the medications listed above. While these symptoms are similar to those of systemic lupus erythematosus, they are generally not as severe unless they are ignored which leads to more harsh symptoms, and in some reported cases, death.
[edit] Treatment
It is important to recognize early that these drugs are causing DIL like symptoms and discontinue use of the drug. Symptoms of drug-induced lupus erythematosus generally disappear days to weeks after medication use is discontinued. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) will quicken the healing process. Corticosteroids may be used if more severe symptoms of DIL are present.
[edit] Frequency
(Excerpt from eMedicine – Lupus Erythematosus http://www.emedicine.com/derm/topic107.htm)
- In the U.S.: As many as 10% of the approximately 500,000 cases of SLE may be DIL.
- Mortality/morbidity: Death from DIL is extremely rare and may result from renal (kidney) involvement and other complications.
- Race: More whites than blacks develop DIL; more blacks than whites present with SLE.
- Sex: In DIL, no significant statistical difference is apparent in the prevalence for males versus females. In contrast, SLE affects women with considerably higher frequency than men (female-to-male ratio of 9:1).
- Age: Patients with DILE tend to be older (50–70 years old) than those with SLE (average age 29 years at diagnosis). Elderly persons generally are more susceptible to DILE.
[edit] References
- ^ a b Rubin, Robert L. (2005-02-04). “Drug-Induced Lupus Erythematosus”. Lupus Foundation of America. http://www.lupus.org/education/brochures/drug.html. Retrieved 2006-11-03.
- ^ Schur, Peter H. (ed.); et al. (July 1983). The Clinical Management of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. New York: Grune & Stratton. p. 221. ISBN 0-8089-1543-6.
- ^ Lahita, Robert G. (1987). Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. New York: John Wiley & Sons. p. 859. ISBN 0-471-87388-8.
- ^ Uetrecht J, Zahid N, Rubin R (1988). “Metabolism of procainamide to a hydroxylamine by human neutrophils and mononuclear leukocytes”. Chem Res Toxicol 1 (1): 74–8. doi:10.1021/tx00001a013. PMID 2979715.
- ^ Stites, Daniel P.; Terr, Abba I., Parslow, Tristram G. (eds.) (1994). Basic & Clinical Immunology. Norwalk, CT: Appleton & Lange. p. 373. ISBN 0-8385-0561-9.
- ^ Hofstra A, Matassa L, Uetrecht J (1991). “Metabolism of hydralazine by activated leukocytes: implications for hydralazine induced lupus”. J Rheumatol 18 (11): 1673–80. PMID 1664857.
- ^ Hofstra A (1994). “Metabolism of hydralazine: relevance to drug-induced lupus”. Drug Metab Rev 26 (3): 485–505. doi:10.3109/03602539408998315. PMID 7924901.
- ^ Schur, Peter H. et al. (1983), p. 223.
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