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Outer Space Treaty
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Outer Space Treaty
French: Traité de l’espace
Russian: Договор о космосе
Spanish: Tratado del espacio exterior
Chinese: 外层空间条约 Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies
Signed 27 January 1967
Location London, Moscow and Washington, D.C.
Effective 10 October 1967
Condition 5 ratifications, including the depositary Governments
Parties 102[1][2]
Depositary Governments of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the United States of America
Languages English, French, Russian, Spanish and Chinese
Outer Space Treaty of 1967 at Wikisource
The Outer Space Treaty, formally the Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies, is a treaty that forms the basis of international space law. The treaty was opened for signature in the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Soviet Union on 27 January 1967, and entered into force on 10 October 1967. As of May 2013, 102 countries are parties to the treaty, while another 27 have signed the treaty but have not completed ratification.[1][2]
Contents
1 Key points
2 Responsibility for activities in space
2.1 Follow-ups
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
Key points
The Outer Space Treaty represents the basic legal framework of international space law. Among its principles, it bars states party to the treaty from placing nuclear weapons or any other weapons of mass destruction in orbit of Earth, installing them on the Moon or any other celestial body, or to otherwise station them in outer space. It exclusively limits the use of the Moon and other celestial bodies to peaceful purposes and expressly prohibits their use for testing weapons of any kind, conducting military maneuvers, or establishing military bases, installations, and fortifications (Art.IV). However, the Treaty does not prohibit the placement of conventional weapons in orbit. The treaty also states that the exploration of outer space shall be done to benefit all countries and shall be free for exploration and use by all the States.
The treaty explicitly forbids any government from claiming a celestial resource such as the Moon or a planet, claiming that they are the common heritage of mankind.[3] Art. II of the Treaty states that “outer space, including the Moon and other celestial bodies, is not subject to national appropriation by claim of sovereignty, by means of use or occupation, or by any other means”. However, the State that launches a space object retains jurisdiction and control over that object.[4] The State is also liable for damages caused by their space object.[5]
signed and ratified
signed only
Not Signed
Responsibility for activities in space
Article VI of the Outer Space Treaty deals with international responsibility, stating that “the activities of non-governmental entities in outer space, including the Moon and other celestial bodies, shall require authorization and continuing supervision by the appropriate State Party to the Treaty” and that States Parties shall bear international responsibility for national space activities whether carried out by governmental or non-governmental entities.
As a result of discussions arising from Project West Ford in 1963, a consultation clause was included in Article IX of the Outer Space Treaty: “A State Party to the Treaty which has reason to believe that an activity or experiment planned by another State Party in outer space, including the Moon and other celestial bodies, would cause potentially harmful interference with activities in the peaceful exploration and use of outer space, including the Moon and other celestial bodies, may request consultation concerning the activity or experiment.”[6][7]
Follow-ups
The Moon Treaty of 1979 was meant to be the follow-up to the Outer Space Treaty, but failed to be ratified by any major space-faring nation such as those capable of orbital spaceflight.[8]
See also
International ownership treaties
Antarctic Treaty System
Law of the Sea
Outer Space Treaty
Moon Treaty
International waters
v
t
e
Fractional Orbital Bombardment System
High-altitude nuclear explosion (HANE)
Lunar Flag Assembly
Militarization of space
References
“Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies”. United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs. Retrieved 2013-04-18.
“Azerbaijan improves legal framework for space cooperation”. 13 May 2013. Retrieved 2013-05-18.
Jennifer Frakes, (2003) The Common Heritage of Mankind Principle and the Deep Seabed, Outer Space, and Antarctica: Will Developed and Developing Nations Reach a Compromise? Wiscoscin International Law Journal, 21, at 409
“Article VIII – Outer Space Treaty of 1967 – Wikisource”.
“Article VII – Outer Space Treaty of 1967 – Wikisource”.
Terrill Jr., Delbert R. (May 1999), Project West Ford, “The Air Force Role in Developing International Outer Space Law” (PDF), Air Force History and Museums:63–67
“Article IX – Outer Space Treaty of 1967 – Wikisource”.
Status of international agreements relating to activities in outer space as at 1 January 2008 United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs, 2008
External links
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Outer Space Treaty of 1967
International Institute of Space Law
Full text of the “Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies” in Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian, or Spanish
Status of International Agreements relating to Activities in Outer Space (list of state parties to treaty), UN Office for Outer Space Affairs
The Case for Withdrawing From The 1967 Outer Space Treaty
Still Relevant (and Important) After All These Years: The case for supporting the Outer Space Treaty
Squadron Leader KK Nair’s “Space:The Frontiers of Modern Defence” Knowledge World Publishers, New Delhi, Chap-5 (Examining Space Law…), Pg 84–104, available at [1]
Introductory note by Vladimír Kopal, procedural history note and audiovisual material on the Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies in the Historic Archives of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law
Lecture by Vladimír Kopal entitled The Progressive Development of International Space Law by the United Nations in the Lecture Series of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law
Lecture by Vladlen Stepanovich Vereshchetin entitled The Law of Outer Space in the General Legal Field (Commonalities and Particularities) in the Lecture Series of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law
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